A view that regards the child's mind, body,and physical and social worlds as an integrated that guides mastery of new skills
Back
Darwin Views
Front
"natural selection and survival of the fittest"; adapt/ reproduce and pass on beneficial genetics
Back
Child Abuse and Neglect
Front
Approximately 1 in 60 children in America are DOCUMENTED victims of abuse and neglect
Back
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
Front
~Basic Trust vs. Mistrust(birth-1 year old)
~Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1- 3years old)
~Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years old)
~Industry vs. Inferiority (6- 11 years old)
~Identity vs. Identity diffusion (Adolescence)
~Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
~Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
~Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
Back
Ego
Front
wants but without getting in trouble
Back
Psychodynamic Theory
Front
a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs
Back
case studies
Front
brings together a wide range of information on one child, including interviews, observations, test scores, and sometimes neurobiological measures
Back
Id
Front
Wants and desires in life
Back
clinical interview
Front
researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for participants point of view
Back
naturalistic observation
Front
approaches is to go into the field or natural environment and record the behavior of interest
Back
macrosystem
Front
cultural values, laws and morals
Back
low
Front
A _______ correlation is indicated when low scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the other
Back
Hall views
Front
founder of the child-study movement; theories about evolutionary idea; maturational process- genetically determined series of events
Back
longitudinal design
Front
A research design in which one group of participants are studied repeatedly at different ages
Back
Darwin contributions
Front
Early prenatal growth strikingly similar in many species
Back
Evocative Correlation
Front
Child behaves in ways consistant with heredity;Responses evoked from others strengthen original response
Back
mesosystem
Front
connections between microsystem
Back
sensitive period
Front
times when the child is at risk:embryo and fetal periods and in this period is when the child begins to recognize voices
Back
High School Dropout Rate
Front
25% students failure to graduate
Back
How can partner impact the mother's psychological well-being?
Front
it reduces stress allowing for relaxation causing less pain and loosening of muscles
Back
teratogen and the four factors
Front
Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
1. Dosage(route)
2. Age of child
3. Heredity
4. How many teratogens?
Back
John Locke Views
Front
~"blank slate"(tabula rasa); shaped by experience(parents are big factors), use of praise and approval; development continuous, warm, consistent teaching;Nurture- power of environment to shape the child
Back
Structured observation
Front
investigators set up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to displays response
Back
Informative Processing
Front
an approach that views the human mind as a symbol- manipulating system through which information flows and that regards cognitive development as a continuous process
Back
Hall contributions
Front
Knowledge useful to parents about what to expect at each age
Back
Poverty of children in America
Front
~21% of children under 18 are in poverty; 8% deep poverty
~Poorest of any age group
~ 1 out of 3 homeless are children
Back
amnion
Front
Inner membrane that encloses the prenatal organism in the amniotic fluid; keeps temperature constant and cushion against mom's movements
Back
cross sectional
Front
A research design in which groups of participants differing in age are studied at the same point in time
Back
High
Front
A ________ correlation is indicated when high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores and low scores are accompanied by low scores
Back
School Achievement
Front
American students typically fare poorly when compared to their international peers
Back
ethnography
Front
A descriptive qualitative research method directed at a culture or a social group through observing group members and taking field notes
Back
What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation?
Front
The further away from zero a correlation is stronger and a correlation of zero would indicate that there is weaker relationship between two variables
Back
Rosseau Views
Front
Opposite of Locke, children are "noble savages"; sense of right and wrong(built in moral sense; discontinuous stage wise process mapped by nature
Back
John Locke contributions
Front
He led a change from harshness toward children to kindness and compassion
Back
Structured interview and questionnaires
Front
Each individual is asked the same set of questions in the same way
Back
age of viability
Front
The point at which the baby can first survive; sometime between 22 and 26 weeks.
Back
Infant Morality
Front
~7 in 1,000 children do not survive their first year
~ we rank 28% world wide
Back
Passive Correlation
Front
parents create an environment compatible with their own genes; such as sports, music or other hobbies
Back
self-report
Front
Interviews and questionnaires; provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, attitudes, beliefs and past experiences
Back
Behaviorism
Front
an approach that regards directly observable events- stimuli and responses- as the appropriate focus of study and that views the development of behavior as taking place through classic and operant conditioning
Back
microsystem
Front
immediate surroundings
Back
Active Correlation (niche-picking)
Front
People choose environments to compliment their genetic tendencies
Back
Low birth rate
Front
~approximately 7% of Americans are born underweight
~We rank 21st
Back
Piaget
Front
influenced by his training in biology, adaptation; children see different than adults such as the game of peekaboo; children correct ideas to achieve equilibrium
Back
Children's research rights
Front
Legal agreement among nations that commits each cooperating country to work towards guaranteed environments that child's development, protects them from harm and enhances self determination and participation
Back
exosystem
Front
don't contain kids, but affects their experiences
Back
Healthcare
Front
~ 10% have no health insurance
Back
Freud's Psychosexual stages and period of Development
Front
1)Oral- birth-1 year old
2) Anal- 1-3 years old
3) Phallic- 3-6 years old
4) Latency- 6-11 years old
5) Genital- Adolescence
Back
Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
Front
~Microsystem
~Mesosystem
~Exosystem
~Macrosystem
Back
Social Learning Theory
Front
A theory that emphasizes the role of modeling, otherwise known as imitation or observational learning, in development of behavior
Back
Section 2
(43 cards)
Even tiny amounts of __________ in the paternal bloodstream cause a dramatic change in the sex ratio of offspring.
Front
dioxin
Back
findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied.
Front
One major limitation of the ethnographic method is
it does not reveal a depth of information.
Back
internal validity
Front
If, during any phase of an investigation, participants' behavior is influenced by factors unrelated to the hypothesis, then the __________ of the study is in doubt.
Back
research question
Front
When little or no theory exists on a topic of interest, investigators may start with a ______.
Back
Natural, or quasi-, experiment
Front
__________ studies differ from correlational research only in that groups of participants are carefully chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible.
Back
Genetic- environmental correlation
Front
Heredity influences the environment to which children are exposed
Back
Impact of cocaine
Front
Genital, urinary tract, kidney and heart deformities; trouble sleeping; abnormal shrill cries; hard to calm, cuddle and feed
Back
external validity
Front
Ensuring that samples, tasks, and contexts for conducting research represent the real-world people and situations that the investigator aims to understand is key to
Back
Which of the following statements is true about training parents in preterm infant caregiving skills?
Front
Interventions that support parents of preterm infants generally teach them about the infant's characteristics.
Back
In a sequential design,
Front
researchers conduct several cross-sectional or longitudinal investigations
Back
canalization
Front
Genetic restriction to a few outcomes; walking, talking, sight and interpreting emotions
Back
The umbilical cord
Front
grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet.
Back
Impact of Heroin
Front
less attentive and slow motor development; Father can be the cause because it attaches to sperm
Back
naturalistic observation.
Front
Marilyn wants to know how preschool children react to aggressive peers. To study their behavior, Marilyn will probably use
Back
Impact of Cigarette smoking
Front
low birth weight and increased chances of prematurity, miscarriage and infant death
Back
Dr. Story found that the children in two-parent homes had higher reading-test scores than those in one-parent homes. However, the children from two-parent homes had more siblings than those in one-parent homes. What is the confounding variable?
Front
number of siblings
Back
range of reaction
Front
person's unique genetically predetermined response to a range of environmental conditions
Back
Because __________ and __________ require that the participant lie as motionless as possible for an extended time, they are not suitable for infants and young children.
Front
PET; fMRI
Back
2nd stage of Labor; Pushing and Delivery
Front
1contraction to 3 hours fully dilated;mom reaction: renewed strength, pushing be relief, burning and stretching sensation, hardest physical work, ring of Fire
Back
Impact of Alcohol
Front
FAS is the set of defects that results when women consume large amounts of_______, during most or all of pregnancy
Results: Mental retardation, slow physical growth and facial abnormalities
Back
Longitudinal; selective attrition
Front
__________ samples generally become more biased as the investigation proceeds because of __________.
Back
A sequential design
Front
permits researchers to find out whether cohort effects are operating.
Back
Impact of Aspirin
Front
low birth weight;infant death at time of birth; poorer motor development; lower IQ scores in Early childhood
Back
other Teratogenitics threats
Front
radiation, mercury, lead, PCB's, maternal disease
Back
informed consent
Front
An investigator conducted a study in a second-grade classroom. She obtained permission from the teacher and the principal only. Which of the following research rights was violated?
Back
random assignment; matching
Front
Sometimes researchers combine __________ with __________ to deliberately make characteristics equivalent that are likely to distort the results.
Back
3rd stage of Labor
Front
delivery of placenta
Back
1st stage of Labor; Active Labor
Front
1-4 hours dilated 4-7cm; contractions: stronger 3-4 minutes apart for 40-60; Mom reaction: No longer social, involved in labor, unable to understand convo, desires companionship
Back
germline mutation.
Front
On the job, Mr. Williams was exposed to high doses of radiation. Because of this exposure, when planning their family, the Williams' should be concerned about
Back
1st stage of Labor; Early Labor
Front
7-8hours dilated 3 cm; contractions 5-15 apart for 25-45 seconds; mom reaction: social, excited, fearful/anxiety, thinking "not that bad"
Back
method.
Front
Before arriving in a kindergarten classroom, Dr. Banks prepared a questionnaire for interviewing children for her research. This is an example of a research
Back
Individuals who know that genetic problems exist in their families are good candidates for __________ before deciding to conceive
Front
genetic counseling
Back
Researchers are not concerned with selective attrition.
Front
Which of the following statements is true about the cross-sectional design?
Back
cultures select different tasks for children's learning.
Front
Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that
Back
Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is
Front
Accutane.
Back
gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.
Front
In a correlational design, researchers
Back
was small and short-lived.
Front
Researchers reported that college students who listened to a Mozart sonata for a few minutes just before taking a test of spatial reasoning abilities did better on the test than students who took the test after listening to relaxation instructions or sitting in silence. The gain in performance, widely publicized as the "Mozart effect,"
Back
curly hair
Front
Which of the following is an example of a dominant characteristic?
Back
Individuals around the world are about _____ percent genetically identical.
Front
99.1
Back
Down syndrome is most commonly caused by
Front
failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
Back
1st stage of Labor; Transition Labor
Front
1/2 to 2 1/2 hours dilated 8-10 cm; contractions: long and strong, every 1-2 minutes lasting 60-90 seconds; mom reaction:shakes, hot or cold, relies on partner for support, either love of hate partner, but needs partner
Back
Impact of Caffeine
Front
Prematurity; Miscarriage; Newborn withdrawal symptoms: Irritability and vomiting
Back
Prenatal tobacco exposure is linked to
Front
impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, and asthma.