Child Development Exam 1

Child Development Exam 1

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Section 1

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Dynamic System Perspective

Front

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Last updated

5 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (93)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Dynamic System Perspective

Front

A view that regards the child's mind, body,and physical and social worlds as an integrated that guides mastery of new skills

Back

Darwin Views

Front

"natural selection and survival of the fittest"; adapt/ reproduce and pass on beneficial genetics

Back

Child Abuse and Neglect

Front

Approximately 1 in 60 children in America are DOCUMENTED victims of abuse and neglect

Back

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Front

~Basic Trust vs. Mistrust(birth-1 year old) ~Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1- 3years old) ~Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years old) ~Industry vs. Inferiority (6- 11 years old) ~Identity vs. Identity diffusion (Adolescence) ~Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) ~Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) ~Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)

Back

Ego

Front

wants but without getting in trouble

Back

Psychodynamic Theory

Front

a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs

Back

case studies

Front

brings together a wide range of information on one child, including interviews, observations, test scores, and sometimes neurobiological measures

Back

Id

Front

Wants and desires in life

Back

clinical interview

Front

researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for participants point of view

Back

naturalistic observation

Front

approaches is to go into the field or natural environment and record the behavior of interest

Back

macrosystem

Front

cultural values, laws and morals

Back

low

Front

A _______ correlation is indicated when low scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the other

Back

Hall views

Front

founder of the child-study movement; theories about evolutionary idea; maturational process- genetically determined series of events

Back

longitudinal design

Front

A research design in which one group of participants are studied repeatedly at different ages

Back

Darwin contributions

Front

Early prenatal growth strikingly similar in many species

Back

Evocative Correlation

Front

Child behaves in ways consistant with heredity;Responses evoked from others strengthen original response

Back

mesosystem

Front

connections between microsystem

Back

sensitive period

Front

times when the child is at risk:embryo and fetal periods and in this period is when the child begins to recognize voices

Back

High School Dropout Rate

Front

25% students failure to graduate

Back

How can partner impact the mother's psychological well-being?

Front

it reduces stress allowing for relaxation causing less pain and loosening of muscles

Back

teratogen and the four factors

Front

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period 1. Dosage(route) 2. Age of child 3. Heredity 4. How many teratogens?

Back

John Locke Views

Front

~"blank slate"(tabula rasa); shaped by experience(parents are big factors), use of praise and approval; development continuous, warm, consistent teaching;Nurture- power of environment to shape the child

Back

Structured observation

Front

investigators set up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to displays response

Back

Informative Processing

Front

an approach that views the human mind as a symbol- manipulating system through which information flows and that regards cognitive development as a continuous process

Back

Hall contributions

Front

Knowledge useful to parents about what to expect at each age

Back

Poverty of children in America

Front

~21% of children under 18 are in poverty; 8% deep poverty ~Poorest of any age group ~ 1 out of 3 homeless are children

Back

amnion

Front

Inner membrane that encloses the prenatal organism in the amniotic fluid; keeps temperature constant and cushion against mom's movements

Back

cross sectional

Front

A research design in which groups of participants differing in age are studied at the same point in time

Back

High

Front

A ________ correlation is indicated when high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores and low scores are accompanied by low scores

Back

School Achievement

Front

American students typically fare poorly when compared to their international peers

Back

ethnography

Front

A descriptive qualitative research method directed at a culture or a social group through observing group members and taking field notes

Back

What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation?

Front

The further away from zero a correlation is stronger and a correlation of zero would indicate that there is weaker relationship between two variables

Back

Rosseau Views

Front

Opposite of Locke, children are "noble savages"; sense of right and wrong(built in moral sense; discontinuous stage wise process mapped by nature

Back

John Locke contributions

Front

He led a change from harshness toward children to kindness and compassion

Back

Structured interview and questionnaires

Front

Each individual is asked the same set of questions in the same way

Back

age of viability

Front

The point at which the baby can first survive; sometime between 22 and 26 weeks.

Back

Infant Morality

Front

~7 in 1,000 children do not survive their first year ~ we rank 28% world wide

Back

Passive Correlation

Front

parents create an environment compatible with their own genes; such as sports, music or other hobbies

Back

self-report

Front

Interviews and questionnaires; provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, attitudes, beliefs and past experiences

Back

Behaviorism

Front

an approach that regards directly observable events- stimuli and responses- as the appropriate focus of study and that views the development of behavior as taking place through classic and operant conditioning

Back

microsystem

Front

immediate surroundings

Back

Active Correlation (niche-picking)

Front

People choose environments to compliment their genetic tendencies

Back

Low birth rate

Front

~approximately 7% of Americans are born underweight ~We rank 21st

Back

Piaget

Front

influenced by his training in biology, adaptation; children see different than adults such as the game of peekaboo; children correct ideas to achieve equilibrium

Back

Children's research rights

Front

Legal agreement among nations that commits each cooperating country to work towards guaranteed environments that child's development, protects them from harm and enhances self determination and participation

Back

exosystem

Front

don't contain kids, but affects their experiences

Back

Healthcare

Front

~ 10% have no health insurance

Back

Freud's Psychosexual stages and period of Development

Front

1)Oral- birth-1 year old 2) Anal- 1-3 years old 3) Phallic- 3-6 years old 4) Latency- 6-11 years old 5) Genital- Adolescence

Back

Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

Front

~Microsystem ~Mesosystem ~Exosystem ~Macrosystem

Back

Social Learning Theory

Front

A theory that emphasizes the role of modeling, otherwise known as imitation or observational learning, in development of behavior

Back

Section 2

(43 cards)

Even tiny amounts of __________ in the paternal bloodstream cause a dramatic change in the sex ratio of offspring.

Front

dioxin

Back

findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied.

Front

One major limitation of the ethnographic method is it does not reveal a depth of information.

Back

internal validity

Front

If, during any phase of an investigation, participants' behavior is influenced by factors unrelated to the hypothesis, then the __________ of the study is in doubt.

Back

research question

Front

When little or no theory exists on a topic of interest, investigators may start with a ______.

Back

Natural, or quasi-, experiment

Front

__________ studies differ from correlational research only in that groups of participants are carefully chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible.

Back

Genetic- environmental correlation

Front

Heredity influences the environment to which children are exposed

Back

Impact of cocaine

Front

Genital, urinary tract, kidney and heart deformities; trouble sleeping; abnormal shrill cries; hard to calm, cuddle and feed

Back

external validity

Front

Ensuring that samples, tasks, and contexts for conducting research represent the real-world people and situations that the investigator aims to understand is key to

Back

Which of the following statements is true about training parents in preterm infant caregiving skills?

Front

Interventions that support parents of preterm infants generally teach them about the infant's characteristics.

Back

In a sequential design,

Front

researchers conduct several cross-sectional or longitudinal investigations

Back

canalization

Front

Genetic restriction to a few outcomes; walking, talking, sight and interpreting emotions

Back

The umbilical cord

Front

grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet.

Back

Impact of Heroin

Front

less attentive and slow motor development; Father can be the cause because it attaches to sperm

Back

naturalistic observation.

Front

Marilyn wants to know how preschool children react to aggressive peers. To study their behavior, Marilyn will probably use

Back

Impact of Cigarette smoking

Front

low birth weight and increased chances of prematurity, miscarriage and infant death

Back

Dr. Story found that the children in two-parent homes had higher reading-test scores than those in one-parent homes. However, the children from two-parent homes had more siblings than those in one-parent homes. What is the confounding variable?

Front

number of siblings

Back

range of reaction

Front

person's unique genetically predetermined response to a range of environmental conditions

Back

Because __________ and __________ require that the participant lie as motionless as possible for an extended time, they are not suitable for infants and young children.

Front

PET; fMRI

Back

2nd stage of Labor; Pushing and Delivery

Front

1contraction to 3 hours fully dilated;mom reaction: renewed strength, pushing be relief, burning and stretching sensation, hardest physical work, ring of Fire

Back

Impact of Alcohol

Front

FAS is the set of defects that results when women consume large amounts of_______, during most or all of pregnancy Results: Mental retardation, slow physical growth and facial abnormalities

Back

Longitudinal; selective attrition

Front

__________ samples generally become more biased as the investigation proceeds because of __________.

Back

A sequential design

Front

permits researchers to find out whether cohort effects are operating.

Back

Impact of Aspirin

Front

low birth weight;infant death at time of birth; poorer motor development; lower IQ scores in Early childhood

Back

other Teratogenitics threats

Front

radiation, mercury, lead, PCB's, maternal disease

Back

informed consent

Front

An investigator conducted a study in a second-grade classroom. She obtained permission from the teacher and the principal only. Which of the following research rights was violated?

Back

random assignment; matching

Front

Sometimes researchers combine __________ with __________ to deliberately make characteristics equivalent that are likely to distort the results.

Back

3rd stage of Labor

Front

delivery of placenta

Back

1st stage of Labor; Active Labor

Front

1-4 hours dilated 4-7cm; contractions: stronger 3-4 minutes apart for 40-60; Mom reaction: No longer social, involved in labor, unable to understand convo, desires companionship

Back

germline mutation.

Front

On the job, Mr. Williams was exposed to high doses of radiation. Because of this exposure, when planning their family, the Williams' should be concerned about

Back

1st stage of Labor; Early Labor

Front

7-8hours dilated 3 cm; contractions 5-15 apart for 25-45 seconds; mom reaction: social, excited, fearful/anxiety, thinking "not that bad"

Back

method.

Front

Before arriving in a kindergarten classroom, Dr. Banks prepared a questionnaire for interviewing children for her research. This is an example of a research

Back

Individuals who know that genetic problems exist in their families are good candidates for __________ before deciding to conceive

Front

genetic counseling

Back

Researchers are not concerned with selective attrition.

Front

Which of the following statements is true about the cross-sectional design?

Back

cultures select different tasks for children's learning.

Front

Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that

Back

Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is

Front

Accutane.

Back

gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.

Front

In a correlational design, researchers

Back

was small and short-lived.

Front

Researchers reported that college students who listened to a Mozart sonata for a few minutes just before taking a test of spatial reasoning abilities did better on the test than students who took the test after listening to relaxation instructions or sitting in silence. The gain in performance, widely publicized as the "Mozart effect,"

Back

curly hair

Front

Which of the following is an example of a dominant characteristic?

Back

Individuals around the world are about _____ percent genetically identical.

Front

99.1

Back

Down syndrome is most commonly caused by

Front

failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.

Back

1st stage of Labor; Transition Labor

Front

1/2 to 2 1/2 hours dilated 8-10 cm; contractions: long and strong, every 1-2 minutes lasting 60-90 seconds; mom reaction:shakes, hot or cold, relies on partner for support, either love of hate partner, but needs partner

Back

Impact of Caffeine

Front

Prematurity; Miscarriage; Newborn withdrawal symptoms: Irritability and vomiting

Back

Prenatal tobacco exposure is linked to

Front

impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, and asthma.

Back