Section 1
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What measure: The percentage of freshman girls who become pregnant over the course of their high school years
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Section 1
(50 cards)
What measure: The percentage of freshman girls who become pregnant over the course of their high school years
cumulative incidence
What is the primary difference between public health and medicine?
Public health focuses on preventing diseases in communitites, and medicine focuses on treating diseases at the individual level.
b. risk difference and population risk difference
both provided information on the absolute effect of the exposure or the excess risk of disease. -risk difference gives the number of cases of disease among the exposed that may be attributable to the exposure -population risk difference gives the number of cases of disease in the total population that may be attributable to the exposure
State the type of population (fixed or dynamic):
c. if the incidence rate of a very serious disease is75/100,000 person-years and the prevalence of this disease in the population is 25/100,000, then the average duration of this disease must be 3 years.
false
In which two divergent directions has modern epidemiolgoic research expanded?
modern epidemiology examines risk factors from the molecular level to the societal level
Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill
conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s
John Graunt
summarized the patterns of mortality in 17th-century london and discovered the regularity of deaths and births
Disease Control
is teh ultimate aim of epidemiology and refers to the reduction or elimination of disease occurance.
a. People who live in New York City
dynamic. this is a changeable condition, people are continually entering and leaving the city
c. cohort and case-control studies
-a cohort study defines subjects according to their exposure level and follows them for a disease occurrence -a case control study defines cases of disease and controls and compares their exposure histories
Disease Frequency
quantifies how often a disease arises in a population
b. Men who had coronary bypass surgery as of 2011
fixed. this is a permanent characteristic, once a man has the surgery, he is part of the group forever
a. observational and experimental studies
-Observational: the investigator watches as subjects themselves choose which group they will be in (exposed or unexposed) -experimental: the investigator assigns participants to their exposure group
b. retrospective cohort and prospective cohort studies
both the exposures and outcomes have already occureed at the state of a retrospective cohort study, the outcomes have not yet developed at the statrt of a prospective cohort sutdy. -retrospective cohort study investigates prior outcomes -prospective cohort study investigates future ones
e. all other things being equal, when a treatment is developed that prolongs the life of people suffering from a disease, the prevalence of the disease will increase over time.
true
what measure: the number of live born babies who die of SIDS during the first year of life per 100,000 baby-years of follow-up
incidence rate
what measure: the lifetime risk of breast cancer
cumulative incidence
What are the main objectives of epidemiology?
they are to study the natural course of disease, to determine the extent of disease in a population, to identify patterns and trends in disease occurence, to identify the causes of disease, and to evaluate the effectiveness of measures that prevent and treat disease.
a. Only the population at risk contributes to the denominator of the cumulative incidence
true
d. Women who are practicing physicians
dynamic. this is a changeable characteristic. new graduates are entering the practice and others are leaving
Disease Determinants
are factors that either cause a healthy person to become sick or cause a sick person to recover
Indicate whether these statements are true or false:
c. Children who were vaccinated against polio in 1955
fixed. this is also a permanent characteristic
reference population
the group of people to whom the study results may be applied or generalized
c. fixed and dynamic population
dynamic is defined by a changeable state or condition, membership is transitory. fixed is defined by a life event, membership is permanant.
a. incidence rate ratio and incidence rate difference
they are both ways to compare measures of disease frequency in order to assess the impact of an exposure on a disease. -the ratio measure gives information on the strength of the relationship between an exposure and disease -the difference measure describes the excess number of cases of disease that are associated with the exposure
b. incidence rate and cumulative incidence
similarity: both quantify the number of new cases of disease that develop in a population at risk during a specified period of time. difference: incidence rate is a true rate that directly integrates person-time of observation into the denominator and cumulative incidence is a proportion whose denominator is the population at risk at the start of the observation period.
what measure: the percentage of infants weighing less than 2,500 grams at birth
prevalence
briefly describe a cross-sectional study and indicate its main limitation
-a cross-sectional study examines the relationship between diseases and other variables at one particular time. subjects are commonly selected without regard to exposure or disease status. -its main limitation is that one cannot infer the temporal sequence between the exposure and disease
How do epidemiologists quantify the disease frequency in a population?
they quantify the frequency of disease by developing a definition of the disease, instituting a mechanism for counting cases of disease within a population, and determining the size of that population.
James Lind
condued one of the earliest experimental studies on the treatment of scurvy among sailors.
William Farr
was the compiler of statistical abstracts in great Britain from 1839 through 1880. he pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data as the denominator.
Describe the main similarities and main differences between:
State the main difference between:
state the main difference between an age-specific rate and an age-adjusted rate
-age-specific rate is a rate that applies only to a particular age group -age-adjusted rate is a summary rate that accounts for the age differences between two populations
what measure: the percentage of senior boys who are fathers at the time of graduation
prevalence
b. when calculating the incidence rate of a disease, it is necessary to follow all subjects for the same length of time
false
randomization
a process by which the investigator assigns subjects to the treatment and comparison groups. subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or comparison group
How are the many subspecialties of modern epidemiology typically defined?
they are defined in terms of the exposure (environmental exposures) the disease (cancer) and the population being studied (the elderly)
Discribe the main similarities and differences between each of the following:
Epidemiology
is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in the human populations and the application of this study to control health problems.
Disease Distribution
refers to the pattern of disease according to the characteristics of person, place, and time
Public Health
public health is a multidisciplinary field whose goal is to promote the health of populations through organized community efforts
briefly describe an ecologic study and indicate its main limitation
-an ecologic study examines the rates of disease in relation to a population-level factor. -the lack of information about individuals leads to a limitation known as the ecological fallacy, which means that the assoicated observed on an aggregate level does not necessarily represent the associated that exists on the individual level.
In 2010, there were 2,900 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed among women in Alabama and 200 new cases diagnosed among women in Alaska. Based on these data, is it accurate to say that the incidence rate of breast cancer is higher in Alabama than Alaska? Why or why not?
No, it is also necessary to know the size of the population and the amount of follow-up time in each state
Population
is a group of people with a common characteristic
a. Prevalence and incidence
prevalence quantifies existing cases, incidence quantifies new cases
d. All other things being equal, when a new prevention measure for a disease is developed, the prevalence of the disese will decrease over time.
true
John Snow
conducted one of the first observational studies in neighborhoods of 19th-century london and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause for cholera
Section 2
(21 cards)