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BIOS 230, Exam 2, Physical Ecology of Animals Vocab

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Section 1

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Energy is the basis for evolutionary tradeoff

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Physics

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (34)

Section 1

(34 cards)

Energy is the basis for evolutionary tradeoff

Front

Energy intake is limited Adaptations that require energy will have to get it from the organism's energy budget Energy use in one area may preclude another

Back

Maintain more water in body

Front

excrete concentrated urine use metabolism to produce water from food

Back

Omnivore

Front

Eat both plants and animals Diet can vary with season, life stage, size, and growth rate

Back

Hyper-osmotic

Front

More salt inside bodies compared to the environment Water will flow into them from the environment (freshwater animals), Water removal — large amounts of dilute urine

Back

Tolerate water loss from body

Front

evolve dehydration tolerance get big warm up slowly

Back

Oxygen regulators

Front

Most animals Able to maintain normal oxygen consumption levels even when external oxygen levels drop

Back

Convection

Front

Heat transfer between two bodies through a liquid or gas

Back

Endotherm

Front

Generate heat internally via metabolism

Back

Osmoregulators

Front

Drink water and absorb into gut ⇢ produce small amounts of concentrated urine ⇢ excrete sodium and chloride across gills through active transport (energetically expensive)

Back

Estivation

Front

Avoid effects of drought through a period of dormancy (occurs in adult organisms)

Back

Digestive tract variation

Front

The greater the surface area, the greater the ability to absorb nutrients

Back

Homeostasis

Front

Maintenance of relatively constant internal temperature (in a varying external environment) Whenever conditions deviate from the normal state, negative feedback mechanisms engage to restore the system to that state

Back

Conduction

Front

Two objects in direct contact

Back

Physical limitations of life

Front

Temperature Water Gas exchange Light Body size Energy use Digestion efficiency Metabolism Nutrient acquisition Waste elimination

Back

Autotroph

Front

Organisms that make their own food via photosynthesis or similar processes

Back

Reduce rate of water loss

Front

evolve a better skin evolve adaptive behavior become inactive during hot, dry periods be active at night seek moist conditions

Back

Specialist

Front

Focus on one or a few food types

Back

Thermoneutral zone

Front

An endotherm's temperature tolerance range; outside of this zone, past the critical high and low temperatures, metabolic rate increases

Back

Regulators

Front

Changes in external environmental do not cause internal changes Able to maintain internal conditions over a broad range Regulation may be through biochemical, physiological, morphological, behavioral processes, which can be energetically expensive

Back

Evaporation

Front

Water can remove excess heat from the body

Back

Heterotroph

Front

Organisms that must consume other organisms for food Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, decomposers, parasites

Back

Conformers

Front

Changes in the external environment cause parallel changes in the body Ability to survive environmental changes depends on the range of tolerance to internal changes If it's cold outside, then the internal environment will also be cold

Back

Diapause

Front

Enter a stage of arrested development Emerge when conditions improve (occurs in organisms that are still developing)

Back

Ectotherm

Front

Require an external heat source

Back

Torpor

Front

Decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually by a reduced body temperature and metabolic rate Enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability

Back

Hypo-osmotic

Front

Lower salt concentration inside compared to the environment Water will flow out of their bodies and into the environment

Back

Water balance

Front

The balance between water uptake and loss to the surrounding environment

Back

Generalist

Front

Eat a wide variety of food types

Back

Herbivore

Front

Feed on only plants Grazers, browsers, granivores, frugivores, nectivores, sap

Back

Radiation

Front

Energy gained as light is turned into heat - energy is lost as heat

Back

Homeotherm

Front

Animals that maintain nearly constant body temperature

Back

Carnivore

Front

Eat other animals Don't have a problem digesting and assimilating the material they eat because their composition is the same as their prey

Back

Hibernation

Front

Body temperature drops to near-ambient temperature for a long period of time

Back

Poikilotherm

Front

Animals that have variable body temperatures

Back