Section 1
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Encapsulated
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (133)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Encapsulated
-Surrounded by a fibrous capsule -Thick collagenous border surrounds the lesion
Infiltrative
-Invading into and among the surrounding normal cells -Poorly defined border with normal tissue
Compare and contrast Apoptosis and Necrosis
TP53
-activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis -regulates Bcl proapoptic proteins
Indian file
-Cells infiltrate through tissue in single file lines -Lines are several cells long - unusually orderly for malignant cells
Bosselated
-Having bumps that stick out -Rounded Probuterances
Discohesive
-Falling apart into single cells -No common borders among cells
Storiform
Having a cartwheel pattern - spindle cells with elongated nuclei radiating from a center point Cellular spindled lesion with whorls of cells as opposed to parallel fascicles or right angle bundles
Pseudo-Rosettes
Group of nonepithelial cells that are clustered and crowned around a common center
Fascicular
-Composed of fascicles -Bundles of elongated spindly cells streaming in polarized arrays
Pushing Border
-Expanding into and compressing the surrounding normal tissue -More often seen in benign neoplasms than malignant ones
Hobnailed
-Resembling a large headed nail -Epithelial or endothelial cells round up and protrude into the lumen as little humps
True-Rosettes
form around a lumen or fibrillary core
Reticular
-Resembling a network or netlike array -Microcystic or honeycomb appearance
neoplasm
hypercellular compared to the tissue normally seen in that site. Since increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio is a characteristic of malignant cells, most malignancies appear as a very blue lesion on H and E.
metaplasia
change in tissue type as a result of chronic irritation to a tissue that is more resistant/better able to cope with the irritation.
Bad, Bax, and Puma
-pro-apoptotic proteins -activated by TP53 -regulates the opening of the mitochondrial transitional pore (MTP) to release cytochrome C into the cytosol.
Spindled
Composed of elongated cells with fusiform nuclei -Sheets or fasicles of fusiform cells, suggests a lesion is either of mesenchymal origin or a sarcomatoid variant of carcinoma
Inflammation
- influx of neutrophils (mainly seen in acute inflammation) or lymphocytes (characteristic of chronic inflammation)
Circumscribed
-Well-delineated lesion -Well-defined border between normal tissue and the lesion
CD95 Fas Receptor
-binds to FAS -activates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway -membrane receptors bind to caspases has intracellular death domain that binds procaspase 8 and activates its protease activity
TNFR1
-binds to TNF-alpha -activates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway -membrane receptors bind to caspases -has intracellular death domain that binds procaspase 8 and activates its protease activity
Tissue Repair in an early stage- granulation tissue
recently formed, quickly growing, very vascular tissue with inflammatory cells and nuclei of fibroblasts that are about to start making collagen
Bcl-2, Bc-x
-anti-apoptotic proteins
Sessile
Attached directly to the base, no stalk
Lobular
-Circumscribed or grouped architecture -Circumscribed, rounded nodules of cells, simulates a normal anatomic unit
Polarized
Epithelial cells with a uniform nuclear position, either apical (lumen side) or basal (basement membrane side) Endometrial glands show cells with subnuclear vacuoles following ovuluation.
Palisading
-Resembling a fence made of sharp stakes -Parallel arrays of nuclei that catch your eye at low power as a dark border
Pedunculated
With a stalk
APF-1
-binds to cytochrome C -activates and binds caspase 9 to form the apoptrosome
Pagetoid spread
-Single malignant cells scattered throughout a benign epidermis -Cells stand out at low power as not belonging in the epithelium
Cribriform
-Perforated, like a collander -Well-formed holes within a glandular lumen
Herringbone
-Resembling a pattern of tweed fabric -Variant of fasicular that shows bundles alternating in a zigzag array
Atrophy
-reduction in cell size -cell death-apoptosis -different types: disuse, pressure, hormonal, denervation
Presence of lymphoid tissue
lymphocytes have very little cytoplasm on H and E so they always look blue
Friable
-Soft and falling apart -crumbly
hypertrophy
-increase in cell size
Osseous (cartilagenous) metaplasia
-production of cartilage or bone in areas of tissue injury -irritation due to dentures, injury to muscle-myositis ossificans
Papillary
Exophytic growth pattern with fibrovascular cores supporting proliferative epithelium Cauliflower or coral shaped structures with branching fibrovascular core
Serpiginous Border
-Winding, snake-like -Irregular, curving
Squamous metaplasia
-transition from columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium in areas of chronic irritation -commonly in endocervix due to inflammation (oral contraception)
Epithelioid
-Round to oval cells with lots of cytoplasm -Cells look plump (opposite is 'sarcomatoid' - spindly)
Biphasic
-Having components of two cell lineages -Spindled cells (mesenchymal origin) with islands of glands (epithelial origin)
Papyraceous
Parchment-like, Devitalized tissue
Alveolar
-In little sacs or nests -Nested structure
Eburnated
-Like ivory -Polished, shiny surface
Barrett's esophagus
- metaplasia of columnar epithelium with goblet cells replaced by squamous epithelium -caused by gastric reflux
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
Micropapillary
-Papillary-shaped epithelial projections without true fibrovascular cores -Finger-like projections
Glandular
-Forming gland structures with lumens -Glands have polarized epithelial cells radiating around a lumen
Section 2
(50 cards)
Centrilobular fibrosis
edema
-accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in intersitital tissue space or body cavities -the fluid is non-inflammatory, due to demodynamic derangements transudate
Neutrophil infiltrate
Occlusive Thrombus
-grows circumferentially in lumen -occludes vessel
Scirrhous
describes a firm, irregular texture, gritty, (fresh pear or water chestnut)
Karyolysis
-irreversible -dissolution of the cell nucleus such as during mitosis or following cell death -it can be normal cell function
Waterhouse Friederichsen Syndrome
Hemmoragic necrosis of adrenal glands -infection from Niceria meningitinis
Amniotic fluid embolism
-rare but catastrophic complication of childbirth -sudden onset of cyanosis and dyspnea -can lead to DIC
Fibroblasts in granulation tissue
- Some of the elongated cells are fibroblasts, which will produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components and result in a scar.
Active Hyperemia
-excess amount of blood in an organ due to increased supply from arteries -inflammation, fevers, neurogenic or hormonal influences, and erythema
Apoptotic body
-pyknotic nucleus
ascites
edema of the peritoneal space
Hematoma
Blood enclosed within tissue
Heart Failure cells
macrophages filled with hemosidirin
Pleural Effusion
edema of the pleural space
Collagenous portion of a scar
Acellular collagen tissue -portion of the scar that is collagen is larger in relation to blood vessels
Fat necrosis
Sarcoidosis
Many non-caseating granulomas throughout the body
Passive hyperemia "congestion"
-excessive amount of blood in an organ due to decreased exit via veins -due to diminished venous flow or impaired venous drainage -can be local (due to thrombus in vein or obstruction of vein by tumor) or systemic
Fat necrosis
-release of pancreatic lipases which cause local destruction of adipocytes -caused by alcoholism, trauma, ischemia, and viral infections -hemorrhagic central areas of liquefaction (firm, gray-white nodules, small chalky white foci with dark hemorrhagic debris -fibrosis-surrounded by fibroblasts -giant cell formation and calcifications -replaced by scar tissue or walled off by fibrous tissue
chronic inflammation
Giant cell macrophages, and lymphocytes, plasma cells
Petechiae
Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages -seen in areas of increased intravascular pressure or in patients with low platelet counts or abnormal platelet function
later recanalization
Caissons Disease
-chronic form of decompression sickness -air embolism
organization
refers to something becoming solidified due to fibrous tissue
Embolus
-detached intravascular solid (thrombus), liquid (fat), or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from the point of origin -99% of all emboli are thromboemboli
ecchymosis
Larger subcutaneous hemmorage
Granulation tissue
Reddish, granular tissue seen at the site of an ulceration
Atheromatous Embolism
Caused by plaque
Non-caseating granuloma
Lacks central necrosis
effector caspases
caspases 3, 6, 7
coagulative necrosis
-anucleate cells persist for days-weeks (DNA has been fragmented and degraded) -architecture of dead tissue is preserved -occurs as a result of vascular occlusion, common post MI -injury denatures structural proteins, enzymes, and blocks proteolysis
Vegetation thrombus
-builds up on heart valves -seen in cancer -can get blood borne bacteria deposited in the vegetation (endocarditis)
desmoplastic response
local fibroblasts respond to tumor and increase the amount of collagen
Pericardial effusion
edema of the pericardial space
Paradoxical embolism
-embolism travels from the venous to arterial circulation through interatrial or interventricular defects
Infarction
-localized area of ischemic necrosis resulting from circulatory insufficiency -caused by either interference with arterial blood flow or venous obstruction
early recanalization and organized thrombus
karyorrhexis
-irreversible -the fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell resulting in the irregular distribution of this material throughout the cytoplasm
caseous necrosis
-caused by TB -microorganism is unable to be cleared and in creates a chronic inflammatory response -a localized area of cellular debris (central caseous necrosis)-pink staining amorphous necrotic debris -fibrous wall may form -giant cells: fused macrophages
Fat embolism
-secondary to trauma to fat-containing tissues. -fat is suctioned into ruptured venues -only produces symptoms occasionally (sudden onset of tachypnea and dyspnea after a latent period)/
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)/"Shock Lung"
-diffuse alveolar damage -impairment of gas exchange due to injury to pneumnocytes causing hyaline to line membranes of alveoli
Nutmeg pattern
-seen in congested liver -grossly congested areas that are dark red, and alternate with normal brown liver
Lines of Zahn
evidence that there is a real thrombus that happened during life
Chronic Passive Congestion in the lungs (pulmonary congestion)
-due to failure of left ventricle, impedes exit of blood form lungs -capillaries become engorged with blood.
Propogative thrombus
-has a tail=growing -seen in the deep veins of extremities
pyknosis
-irreversible -condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis
Mural thrombus
Attached to wall Non-occlusive Often seen in heart/aorta
Caseating granuloma
-caseous necrosis in the center of the granuloma (one side of Slide). -Zones of epithelioid histiocytes and lymphocytes at the other side surround the caseous material.
Liquefaction Necrosis
-focal bacterial or fungal infection -neutrophils (PMCs) and macrophages degrade the necrotic material/organisms -lots of granular debris seen -destruction of cellular architecture -inflammatory response -purulent exudate (pus) -vascular congestion with perivascular edema -seen in muscle abscesses (staph infection)
Section 3
(33 cards)