Section 1
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Track II Diplomacy
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Date created
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Cards (54)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Track II Diplomacy
1. Coined by Joseph Montville in 1981 2. NGOs working unofficially in cooperation with government 3. Also refers to off-the-record interactions between members of adversarial countries
La Violencia: 3
1. Paramilitary groups, supported by liberals and conservatives, battle each other all over the country 2. Destroy villages and massacre enemies 3. Lost decade of violence (1948-1958)
Why Terrorism: 7
1. Violence is never the first choice. Real or perceived not the first choice 2. Actors see themselves as separate from society (Elite are redeemed by society, Other are less than) 3. Coercion: Inflict pain in order to drive change 4. Damage: Terrorists seek to inflict pain in order to make target weaker 5. Rally: Seek to inspire others to join their cause 6. Franchise: Seek to inspire others to create their own franchise 7. Goading: Seek to bait their enemies into battle
Leaderless Resistance: 4
1. Louis Beam (White Supremacist) 2. Realized KKK, American Nazis... would be marginalized or shut down by litigation 3. Answer was to turn to small or even one man cells 4. Embraced by radical movements
What do IGOs do?: 3
1. Mechanism for the world to work together in peace and security 2. Involve multiple issues and global governments to promote cooperation 3. The UN, the EU, the AU
Terrorism Evolves
1. Old Terrorism - 1960s-1980s - Focus on ideology - Hierarchical structure and open membership - Large numbers and limited targets 2. New Terrorism - 1990s-2000s - Smaller societal issues - Closed membership and small cells -Open targets and tactics 3. ? Terrorism - 2005-Present - Focus on regional and globe agendas - Hierarchical structure and open membership - Large numbers and limited targets
The Indus Water Treaty (1960)
1. Gave control over the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej rivers to India 2. Gave control over the Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum rivers to Pakistan 3. 2025, Pakistan is expected to face a 83 million acre water supply gap 4. India is in a 2 year drought
Internet
1. Internet allows people to be inspired from anywhere 2. ISIS publishes Dabiq and al-Qaeda publishes Inspire 3. Boston Bombers used an article from Inspire to make their bomb 4. Fort Hood killer emailed Anwar al-Awiaki (who was killed by a US drone strike)
When it only looks like terrorism: 4
1. When it's done for private or organization wealth - Narcoterrorism is a perfect example. FARC started as a socialist organizing that used drug money to fund itself. 2. When it occurs in war - War inherently uses extraordinary violence and actions taken during declared war is not terrorism 3. When the actor isn't rational and/or the violence isn't purpose driven - Ted Kaczynski (Unabomber) not a rational actor. His targets are chosen using bizarre reasoning - James Holmes (Aurora, CO) is not rational. Diagnosed as violently depressed. "Terrorism isn't the message. The message is, there is no message". 4. When history judges it differently - A large and loose organization burns down the homes of local officials, publicly attacks local officials using high levels of violence
The AoG: 3
1. He hath no sword, let him sell his garment and buy one -Luke 22:26 2. Far right radical Christian terrorist organization 3. Primary mission is to end abortion access in America
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Secret agreement was formed in 1916 that divided the Ottoman empire between the French and British
Military Resources Lost
1. Ghaddafi in Libya spent at least 5.5 billion on weapons and after his government collapsed the weapons ended up in the hands of Tuareg rebels and AQIM
Rational Choice Theory and Terrorism: 3
1.The benefits may be psychological and sometimes religious (afterlife) 2. Choice may be the only choice 3. History may prove it is a good one. PLO learned that they could get their members released from prison by using hijacking
Major International Relations Theories 2
1. Realism: States are whole entities existing equally on the world stage and are always looking out for themselves. States are in conflict as they seek power. 2. Liberalism: States can achieve their interests by cooperation, it is not a zero-sum game.
The Beginning of the End: 3
1. In 2002, LTTE demands for a separate state and autonomy but peace talks are derailed 2. EU declares LTTE an FTO in 2006 3. New government in 2008 declared violence was the only way to solve conflict
Attack and Reprisal
1. July 23, 1983 the LTTE kills 13 Army members 2. Country erupts in violence against Tamils (Black July Riots) 1. 400-3000 killed and 1000s of homes destroyed
Father David Trosch: 3
1. Roman Catholic Priest from Mobile, Alabama 2. Promoted "Justifiable Homicide" 3. Attended trials of arsonists and murderers to pray for them
Kapitalpolitik
1. Limit your focus to strict economic assets (Gold, Oil, Coal) 2. Common form is sanctions 3. More prevalent in terrorism and rebellion
Idealpolitik
1. Conflict over ideologies and expanded into religion 2. 20th century, Political ideologies and an increase in religious-based ideology driving conflict 3. 21st century, decline in political ideology and increase in religious-based ideology
The End of History (Francis Fukuyama 1992)
1. Believes that political history is an evolutionary process that has resulted in the final form of governments, liberal representative democracy 2. Other forms will rise, but LRD will always be the best option
Bye-Bye UK, Hello Discrimination: 3
1. 1948, Ceylon was independent and Sinhalese Parliament passed the Ceylon Citizenship Bill—prove fathers were born in Ceylon, however 12% was brought over by the British so 700k were deported 2. 1956, Sinhala Only Act—Sinhalese was the only official language 3. 1971, Policy of Standardization—decreased opportunities for Tamils to attend university
Norbert Elias and Violence: 2
1. Self-control is like a muscle. Building it up can help lead to more peaceful settlements. 2. Civilization and self-control come from strengthening the state and decreasing feudal loyalties.
The Clash of Civilizations (Samuel Huntington 1992)
1. Seen the end of wars for political ideology but we've instead reverted to identifying by culture which will inherently clash
Women in FARC: 2
1. 40% of 7000 2. Equality amongst troops. Women
Woodrow Wilson—League of Nations: 3
1. First multipurpose quasi-universal intergovernmental organization 2. Imposed by Wilson in his 14 points, but US never became a member 3. Dissolved in 1946 with the establishment of the United Nations
FARC: 4
1. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army 2. Military wing of CCP 3. Pushes idea of factory, export-oriented and privately owned farms 4. Local resistant movements by farmers are
The Year of Fear and Pain 1984: 3
1. Named by Joseph Scheidler (Founder of PLAN) 2. 25 arsons and bombings 3. Christmas Bombings: 2 abortion clinics in Pensacola FL were bombed on the same day
NATO and terrorism: 3
1. NATO isn't designed to fight terrorism 2. CT mission is focused around helping states strengthen their own abilities and better share intelligence and assets 3. Recently, NATO AWACS in Syria to support bombing campaign 3. Led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and then handed it off to Afghani government
What makes terrorism?: 5
1. Extraordinary level of violence 2. Rational Actors 3. A cause (ideology, belief, or a faith) 4. A commitment 5. A purpose or goal with desired outcomes
The UN: 4
1. Modeled after the League of Nations but received increase support 2. Current UN Secretary General: Antonio Guterres 3. Founded in 1945 (193 Members) 4. General Assembly, Security Council, International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council, Secretariat, Economic and Social Council
Defensive Action Statement: 2
1. After Dr. Gunn's murder, pro-lifers met in Chicago and created American Coalition of Life Activists (ALCA) 2. Signed Justifiable Homicide statement or Defensive Action Statement
. The UN and Terrorism: 5
1. 2006, adopted the Global CT Strategy with 4 pillars 1. Addressing the conditions conducive to spread of terrorism 2. Preventing and Combatting Terrorism 3. Building States' capacity and strengthening the role of the UN 4. Ensuring Human rights and the rule of law
The Other: 2
1. Dehumanization: Thinking of the "Other" as something less than human, and therefore not worthy of our care 2. Labeling a group as terrorists instantly decreases people's willingness to understand or negotiate with them and willingness to support violence against them
Types of NGOs
1. Direct Operations (Operational NGOs): Humanitarian relief and conflict resolution. 1. Maintain a strict policy of neutrality, often providing aid to people regardless of political, ethnic, or religious affiliation 2. Advocacy NGOs 1. Promote a specific cause and are far from neutral 3. Confront complex emergencies which combine internal conflict with large-scale displacements of people, mass famine or food shortage, and fragile or failing economic, political, and social institutions.
US Domestic Terrorism
1. 20th century US saw terrorists. From a large variety of ideological groups - Anarchists, socialists, anti-socialists, anti-war....
Realists and IGOs: 3
1. States only work to increase their own power 2. IGOs reflect rather than effect. (Reflect status quo of power relations) 3. IGOs are marginally influential because they only exist if states accept them
Western Sahara
1. Morocco claims the western half of the country and the Polisario claims the east 2. Polisario is socialist and is supported by Algeria
Displaced People Cross Boarders
1. 6.7 million Syrian refugees and 25.9 refugees globally 2. Costs 3k per year to house a refugee in Jordan, 30k in Germany 3. Germany plans to spend 91.6 billion Euros by the end of 2020
Realpolitik
1. Arguably the base of conflicts on which the other three are built 2. Terrorism in this category is likely to result from state-sponsored actors using proxies for a larger conflict
Relative Deprivation
1. Individuals or groups don't have the resources to have the life they were accustomed to or told they should have
Who Are The Taliban?
1. Emerged from the chaos of the civil war and was made up of students from Pashtun 2. Led by Mullah Omar and took over Kabul. Fighting leveled the city and destroyed what little remained of the country. 3. Established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in September 1996
Absolute Deprivation
1. State of resources where you simply cannot provide the most basic life sustaining needs 2. May decrease terrorism because you have to have time and energy to engage in terrorism
Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act 1994: 3
1. Known as the FACE Act 2. Protestors must stay 35 feet away from clinics 3. Criticized as a political tool by pro-lifers
Instability Spreads
1. State failures spread to neighboring states and the entire region 2. The greater the level of violence the more likely and severe the spreading effects 3. Examples: Middle East and ISIS
New Language: 2
1. Termites: People hiding in plain sight who engage in activities to disrupt 2. Abortuary/Mill/Factory: Terms to avoid calling abortion clinics anything related to health
Geopolitik
1. Likely results in proxy battles (Fight over Kashmir) 2. Hundreds of different disputed territories around the world but vast majority don't end in open conflict
IGOs work...??: 1(2) 2 3(2)
1. Functionalist Theory 1. David Emile Durkheim 2. Interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to stability of the whole society 2. Incomplete Information: IGOs fill in incomplete information that sometimes causes conflict 3. Liberal Institutional Theory 1. IGOs help to encourage non-violent conflict resolution 2. Emphasis placed on global governance and role of common goals in the international system
A Tamil Nation: 2
1. A nation is a group with shared, unique identity (Language, history, culture, faith, physical appearance, location) 2. Tamil have had a unique nation in India since 1500 BCE. Present in Sri Lanka in the 10th century AD
Types of Resolution
1. Outside Actors: Use of UN to establish and maintain peace - Rwanda, Congo, Timor 2. Democracy from the Outside: Outside actor establishes a functional democratic government - US in Iraq, Afghanistan, Japan, Marshall Plan 3. Coalition Governments: A parliamentary system that requires multiple parties to work together -Lebanon, Colombia, Spain Parliament 4. Truth and Reconciliation: A legal procedure in which someone guilty of a crime and receive no punishment - S Africa, Colombia 5. Creating Sovereignty: Designating a geographic area as an independent country - S Sudan, E Timor, India-Pakistan 6. Creating Autonomy: Designated a geographic area as having a high degree of autonomy (local laws, police, etc) - Mindanao in Philippines, Aceh in Indonesia, Kurdistan in Iraq 7. Assimilation: Minority group is folded into the majority over time - Uighur in China 8. Violence: Conflict is resolved through direct, open violence against the "revolting" group - Syria, Saddam and Kurds, Rwanda, Chechnya 9. Time and Laws: Simply allowing time to bring an end through other means - US Civil Rights Movement, Catholics vs Protestants
Democratic Peace Theory: 5
1. Immanuel Kant and Thomas Paine 2. Kant believed democracy, trade and IGOs were the foundation for perpetual peace 3. Democracies are more peaceful and less likely to engage in militarized disputes 4. The more democracies there are in a region, the more peaceful the region will be 5. A world composed of democratic nations will be a peaceful one
Section 2
(4 cards)