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AP Biology - Chapter 11

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Section 1

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reception

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Biology Science

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (38)

Section 1

(38 cards)

reception

Front

Back

hormones

Front

in multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning

Back

synaptic signaling

Front

(local) a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell

Back

the maintenance of calcium ion concentrations in an animal cell

Front

Back

IP3 (inositol triphosphate)

Front

a second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration

Back

adenylyl cyclase

Front

an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal

Back

second messengers

Front

a small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein

Back

phosphorylation cascade

Front

Back

cell junctions

Front

allows molecules to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes

Back

scaffolding proteins

Front

a type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction

Back

local regulators

Front

a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted (the red stuff)

Back

DAG (diacyglycerol)

Front

a second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane

Back

receptor tyrosine kinases

Front

Back

calcium ions

Front

many signaling molecules in animals, including neurotransmitters, growth factors, and some hormones, induce responses in their target cells via signal transduction pathways that increase the cytosolic concentration of

Back

protein kinase

Front

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein

Back

ligand

Front

a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one

Back

apoptosis

Front

a program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die

Back

cyclic amp

Front

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells; also a regulator of some bacterial operons

Back

hormonal signaling

Front

specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood

Back

signal transduction pathway

Front

a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response

Back

ligand-gated ion channel

Front

Back

the specificity of cell signaling

Front

Back

response

Front

Back

steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor

Front

Back

receptor tyrosine kinases

Front

a receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the intracellular part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein

Back

ligand-gated ion channel

Front

a protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions

Back

Front

calcium is (more/less) widely used than cAMP as a second messenger

Back

cell-cell recognition

Front

two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces

Back

g protein-coupled receptor

Front

Back

cAMP as a second messenger in a G-protein signaling pathway

Front

Back

g protein-coupled receptor

Front

a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein

Back

protein phosphatases

Front

an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase

Back

receptor tyrosine kinases

Front

often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer; phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell

Back

g protein

Front

a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell

Back

paracrine signaling

Front

(local) a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator

Back

calcium and IP3 in signaling pathways

Front

Back

transduction

Front

Back

apoptosis

Front

Back