Section 1
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febrile
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (213)
Section 1
(50 cards)
febrile
pertaining to or characterized by fever
general pathology
deals with the study of widespread processes of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, repair etc. WITHOUT reference to a particular organ or organ system
gross changes
changes we see
functional
a condition or disease in which there is NO recognizable change in anatomy
Signs
Objective disturbances produced by diseases that can be observed by the person attending the patient (pulse, fever)
pandemic
epidemic, widespread, even of worldwide event
chemical changes
changes in enzymes, etc.
chronic
a disease with SLOW onset and LONG duration
Exacerbation
An increase in the severity of a disease
Lesion
A structural change in tissue Cut, burn, zit, etc. Externally and internally
medio-legal (forensic) pathology
study of diseases to ascertain a cause and manner of death
syndrome
SET of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease ex: Downs, Edwards
intoxication
being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance
infection
a state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects
clinical pathology
study of disease by means of body secretions, excretions, and other body fluids using laboratory diagnosis
Diagnosis
The term denoting the name of the disease or syndrome; to recognize the nature of a disease
special pathology
deals with the specific features of disease in relation to particular organs or organ system
allergies
having a HYPERSENSITIVITY to a substance that does not normally cause an immune reaction
epidemic
a disease that is currently higher than normal
acute
a disease with RAPID onset and SHORT duration
surgical pathology
study of tissue specimens excised surgically
deficiency
disease due to lack of dietary or metabolic substance
prevalence (morbidity rate)
number of cases of disease present in a specified population at a given time
Prognosis
Prediction of the outcome of a disease
occupational disease
a disease with an abnormally high rate of occurrence in members of the workforce
microscopic pathology (histopathology)
changes in cells, tissues, and organs that CANNOT be seen without the aid of a microscope
communicable
a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
nosocomial
infection acquired in a hospital
Symptoms
Subjective disturbances caused by diseases that are felt or experienced by the patient but not directly measurable (pain, headache)
physiological pathology
study of changes in body function resulting from disease
Remission (abatement)
Temporary cessation of symptoms of disease
Congenital
Existing at the time of birth or shortly thereafter
symptomatic changes
changes in systems people have
endemic
a disease that is CONTINUOUSLY present in a communityq
complication
an unfavorable condition arising during the course of a disease
microscopic changes
changes in cells under a microscope huge with cancer cells
infestation
the harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms, such as ticks or mosquitoes
molecular and cellular changes
disease results from structural or functional damage caused by an injurious agent damage occurs at the molecular level, and the resulting lesion is discussed in terms of the molecular and structural damage that results
pathogenesis
the manner in which a disease develops which steps it goes through in microscopic level
acquired
presents after birth
sporadic
disease that occurs RANDOMLY in a random or isolated manner
organic
a condition or disease in which there is a CHANGE in anatomy
hereditary
genetic characteristics transmitted from parent to offspring
iatrogenic
results from the adverse activity of medical personnel ex: surgeon forgets to wash hands
idiopathic
disease of unknown cause
confirm or alter clinical diagnosis and treatment; advance medical knowledge or research; assist in medico-legal cases to determine identification of deceased and also the cause and manner of death
reasons and importance of an autopsy
pathology
the study of STRUCTURAL changes in the body caused by disease
fulminating
have rapid and severe onset, usually fatal
gross pathology
changes that can be seen with the naked eye ex: lesion
recurrent
reappearance of symptoms after a period of abatement
Section 2
(50 cards)
inflammation
A tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes loss of function
etiology
the study of the CAUSE of disease
mechanical (trauma), thermal (hot/cold), radiation
physical agents of exogenous causes of diease
endogenous pigmentation
from inside the body (hemoglobin, melanin)
physiological hypertrophy
ex: breasts and uterus enlarge in response to pregnancy
mortality rate
number of deaths in a given time or place; or proportion of deaths in a population
malformation (anomaly)
a defect or deformity
fatty degeneration (fatty change)
lipids (fats) accumulate in the cell most common in liver, but also seen in spleen and CNS reversible
amyloid disease
abnormal proteinaceous substance that is deposited between cells in many tissues and organs in a variety of clinical disorders, including alzheimer's irreversible
necrosis
pathological death of a tissue that is still part of a living organism organism is alive, tissue is dead, usually by a lack of oxygen
degeneration
deterioration of the tissue to less active form due to injury or disease
aplasia
a failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally
calcification
calcium salts accumulate in injured or dead tissue ex: damaged heart valves, tumor centers
physiological atrophy
caused by normal function such as decrease in work load or a decrease in hormone stimulation
atrophy
a wasting or decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, or organ most common in skeletal muscles, heart, and brain
regeneration
the replacement of damaged cells with identical cells (by mitosis)
caseous necrosis
dead cells disintegrate but the debris is not completely digested tissues become soft and granular - have a cheesy feel frequently associated with TB
polydactylism
developmental anomaly characterized by extra digits on the hands or feet
color blindness
abnormal color vision inherited on the X chromosome males are more likely to inherit color blindness affects 8% of males; only 0.5% of females usually affects ability to distinguish red and green
spina bifida
congenital defect in which part of the vertebral column is absent or incomplete closure
hypertrophy
an enlargement of a tissue or organ due to the increase in the size of the cells composing it cells themselves are getting larger
infiltration
the process of seepage or diffusion into tissue of substances that are not ordinarily present invade surrounding tissue
function of inflammation
To defend the host against infection and to facilitate repair and healing.
pigmentation
coloration caused by deposit, or lack, of colored material in the tissues
gout
deposition of uric acid crystals in the tissue results from improper metabolism of purines joint inflammation (arthritis) and kidney inflammation (nephritis) can occur crystals form around joints
physiological regeneration
thickening of the soles of the feet or tissue replacement when it has been diseased or removed
hypoplasia
underdevelopment of a tissue organ or the body
moist (wet) gangrene
neutrophils (white blood cells) invade a region due to the presence of bacteria and release hyrolases (digestive enzymes) the tissue becomes liquified as part of the inflammatory process usually occurs in internal organs; become cold, swollen, black, with a foul odor
pathological hypertrophy
ex: myocardial cells increase in size, increasing the size of the heart muscles in response to high blood pressure
exogenous cause of disease
causes originating EXTERNALLY
pathological atrophy
caused by disease such as brain atrophy due to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
cellular swelling
-most common degenerative change -water accumulates in the cell due to failure of sodium/potassium pump to pump sodium from cell; cell swells with water; lack of atp -reversible
amelia
congenital absence of one or more limbs
physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents
exogenous causes of disease
down syndrome
caused by polyploidy (extra chromosome) of chromosome 21 extra 21st chromosome due to nondisjunction during sex cell formation risk increases 10x from age 30 to 40 individuals generally are mentally retarded, low nasal bridge, epicanthal fold (skin fold in upper eyelid), protruding tongue, low set ears, poor muscle tone, short stature, congenital heart defects
phocomelia
a congenital condition in which the PROXIMAL portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
gas gangrene
results from infection of tissue by clostridium, esp. clostridium perfringens anaerobic (not requiring oxygen) bacteria produce hydrolases that destroy connective tissues and cell membranes gases, which are a byproduct of fermentation of sugars by the bacteria, become trapped in the cells and tissues (after death the gases are called post-mortem tissue gas) hydrolases int he blood stream can lyse red blood cells and lead to shock
hereditary and chromosomal
genetic endogenous causes of disease
allergies, autoimmune, immune deficiencies
immunological endogenous causes of disease
pathological regeneration
usually caused by over-secretion of hormones making identical cells when we don't want them to be there ex: over-secretion of estrogen leads to endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the walls of the uterus)
compensatory
increase in size due to some physical defect (usually in paired organs) ex: removal of a kidney increases the size of the other
vascular nevus
a colored lesion of the skin ex: mole
gangrene
death of tissue resulting from severe hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) due to loss of vascular supply tissue undergoes necrosis and subsequent bacterial invasion
dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis)
usually results from severe ischemia (blood supply shortage) NO bacteria is present skin dries and shrinks down with a wrinkled blackish brown appearance
congenital hernia
internal organs protrude through a hole in the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity can result in incomplete development of heart and lungs during gestation can be repaired after birth in most cases
endogenous cause of disease
causes originating INTERNALLY
physiological, immunological, genetic
endogenous causes of disease
congenital vascular nevus
occurs when islands of angioblastic tissue (blood forming tissue) fail to communicate with adjacent blood vessels during development blood vessels forming where they should not
cleft palate (lip)
congenitally malformed palate with a fissure (opening where it should not be) along the midline
exogenous pigmentation
from outside the body (coal dust, lead, silver)
Section 3
(50 cards)
pustule
a small elevation of the skin containing pus
passive hyperemia
Blood collects in an organ of the body in response to a blockage in the veins that are supposed to move the blood out. Usually takes place after a person experiences a period of ischemia. Goes together with PATHOLOGICAL hyperemia
edema (dropsy)
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities (SWELLING) Generally, the amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis, and increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid may cause it.
repair
Physical or mechanical restoration of damaged or diseased tissue by the growth of healthy new cells, not necessarily the same type, or by surgery
effects of ischemia
Metabolic wastes build up in tissues because they are unable to be removed rapidly enough. Tissue damage results from a lack of oxygen and nutrients.
hemmorage
Seen in injury that causes ruptured blood vessels
regeneration
The replacement of damaged cells by identical cells. Can carry out normal physiological function
vasodilation of arterioles
blood flow increases to injured site and blood stays in site longer SECOND step in process of inflammation
resolution
The termination of the inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal state
ischemia
A restriction in blood supply to a region or organ; a mismatch between available and necessary blood supply
a. Ischemia b. Passive hyperemia c. Gangrene d. Infarction
consequences of thrombosis
a. Ischemia b. Infarction c. Spread of infection d. Necrosis
consequences of embolism
epitaxis
Bleeding from the nose
infarction
The formation of an area of necrosis in a tissue caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area
embolism
A free floating object in the bloodstream
hydropericardium
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac.
anasarca
Generalized massive edema in subcutaneous tissue
causes of edema
Increased permeability of capillary walls Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure Inflammatory conditions Fluid and electrolyte disturbances
hydrothorax
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity
platelets stop any bleeding
SIXTH (and last) step in process of inflammation
carbuncle
Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue (Larger than a furnucle)
ulcer
An open sore or lesion of skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue.
causes of inflammation
Physical irritants (trauma) Chemical irritants Infectious agents Immunological reactions
abscess
Localized accumulation of pus
hemoptysis
blood in the septum
mast cells
Cells loaded with granules are located near blood cells in loose connective tissue. Release histamine and serotonin, which cause vasodilation and vessel leakiness as well as attracting neutrophils to the region. FIRST step in process of inflammation
retraction of endothelial cells of venules and capillaries
Vessels become "leaky" at which point proteins and cells(leukocytes and platelets) can exude. THIRD step in process of inflammation
types of embolisms
Fragments of thrombi (most common) Bacteria Tumor cells Animal parasites Fat (most often from trauma, also from diabetes) Gas (nitrogen or air) Any other foreign body
petechia
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin.
hemmorage
Escape of blood from blood vascular
furnucle (boil)
An abscess or pyogenic (pus producing) infection of a sweat gland or a hair follicle
Constriction or blockage of blood vessels supplying the region
causes of ischemia
hyperemia (congestion)
An excess of of blood in an area of the body
ascites
Accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
monocytes and macrophages
move in as phagocytic cells FIFTH step in process of inflammation
causes of thrombosis
Injuries to blood vessels causes platelets and fibrin to create a clot. If too much clot is produced a thrombosis is formed. Reduced rate of blood flow often after long periods of little activity such as airplane ride. Alterations in blood composition Blood diseases
ecchymosis
small, non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood into a tissue
heat, redness, swelling, pain, altered function
cardinal signs of inflammation
active hyperemia
Associated with increased metabolic activity in an organ or tissue (such as muscles during exercise) Goes together with PHYSIOLOGICAL hyperemia
exudate
The fluid that oozes through the tissues into a cavity or to the surface
thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.
pathological hyperemia
Hyperemia due to disease or injury such as psoriasis. Goes together with PASSIVE hyperemia
physiological hyperemia
Due to normal physiological response such as increased blood flow to digestive system after a meal or blushing. Goes together with ACTIVE hyperemia
serous
Usually seen in mild inflammation such as blisters, contains little or no cells or proteins
causes of hemmorages
Trauma Blood diseases such as hemophilia or leukemia Vascular diseases which cause a leak in vessels Hypertension (High blood pressure)
vesicle
Blister-like elevation of the skin containing serous fluid
location of thrombosis
Arterial thrombi tend to occur where arteries branch Venous thrombi are more common due to stasis of the blood and occurs mostly in the legs and pelvic veins of immobile individuals
purulent (suppurative)
contains pus
hematoma
Tumor like swelling of blood caused by a break in a blood vessel
neutrophils arrive on the scene
Engulf and digest bacteria. dead cells, and debris. Then die and form pus. FOURTH step in process of inflammation
Section 4
(50 cards)
benign neoplasm
slow growth rare ulceration rare hemorrhage no evidence of metastasis good Resemblance to tissue origin Fairly uniform Cell size and shape Very few, all normal Mitotic figures No Invasion of blood No Dysplasia in adjacent tissues
Transitional cell carcinaoma
Originates in the epithelial cells of the kidney, bladder or ureters. Most common type of bladder cancer malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
adenoma
A benign tumor of glandular origin (originates from cells used in secretion). Benign epithelial neoplasm
polyp
A growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane. Benign epithelial neoplasm
malignant neoplasm
rapid growth frequent ulceration frequent ulceration frequent evidence of metastasis poor Resemblance tissue origin Highly variable cell size and shape Often numerous, Frequently abnormal mitotic figures blood vessels often present sometimes Dysplasia in adjacent tissues
epithelial tissue
tissue of closely packed cells in one or more layers that form the coverings of the body
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumors of non-striated (smooth) muscle Most common in the stomach and small intestine Very rare. One of the rarest types of soft tissue cancer. Soft tissue cancer itself is very rare. In medicine, the term soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body. malignant neoplasm of muscle tissue
cyst
A closed, fluid filled membrane having a distinct membrane and division from nearby tissue
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium May occur in many different organs where squamous epithelium is found, including the skin, lips, mouth, esophagus, bladder, prostate, lungs, vagina, and cervix malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
Glioma
Originates in the brain or spinal cord Arises from glial cells Most common in the brain malignant neoplasm of nervous tissue
melena
blood in stool
Post mortem conditions associated with neoplasms
a. Emaciation b. Discoloration c. Hemorrhage d. Tissue deformation e. Dehydration f. Cachexia
osteoma
A new piece of bone growing on existing bone (usually the skull) Benign connective tissue neoplasm
connective tissue
Tissue generally involved in structure and support. Composed of cells and non-living matrix.
Cachexia
Atrophy and weight loss due to severe malnutrition
chondroma
Cartilage tumor. Tumor cells resemble normal cells and produce an excess of cartilaginous matrix. Benign connective tissue neoplasm
Sebaceous cyst
A cyst just below the surface of the skin filled with a white semi solid material called sebum released by sebaceous glands in the epidermis
ovarian cyst
Can be functional as to enclose the egg during menstruation. Breaks open to release the egg Or can reclose and form a cyst that lasts for longer. In some cases can grow up to about 4 inches wide and cause pain at which point surgical removal may be necessary
nervous tissue
Tissue composed of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells), which functions in communication.
Characteristics of benign neoplasms
a. Grow by expansion b. Do not migrate c. Generally do NOT return after surgical removal d. Do not generally cause extensive tissue damage e. Do not generally cause whole body changes f. Resemble tissue of origin g. Generally not fatal
exsanguination
the loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be maintained
nevus
Chronic lesions of the skin. (Birthmarks and moles) Benign epithelial neoplasm
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant cartilage (supports tissues and protects joints) tumor. Considered a form of bone cancer Affects primarily adults malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
Liposarcoma
Malignant tumor that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue such as the thigh Generally large bulky tumors with smaller satellites tumors Very rare. malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
dehydration
Loss of moisture form from body tissue
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Arises from rhabdoblasts (immature muscle cells) Instead of become striated (cardiac or skeletal) muscle the cells grow out of controlfast growing and prevalant in children malignant neoplasm of muscle tissue
neuromas
Tumors of nerves. Can be abnormal growth of either neurons or glial cells Common in the feet Benign tumor of nervous tissue
Papilloma
A tumor that grows as finger-like projections from epithelial tissue Benign epithelial neoplasm
postmortem conditions
Diminished circulation Abscess Hemorrhage Emaciation Dehydration Rapid decomposition Discoloration
adenocarcinoma
an adenoma that becomes malignant overtime Malignant tumor originating from or having secretory properties similar to glandular tissue. malignant epithelial neoplasm
Characteristics of malignant (cancerous) neoplasms
(a) Grow by infiltration (invade surrounding tissue) (b) Metastasize creating secondary foci (c) Often reoccur when removed surgically (d) Cause extensive tissue damage (e) can cause total body changes (f) tumor does NOT resemble surrounding tissue (g) Lethal unless treated
lipoma
Composed of fatty tissue. Most common form of soft tissue tumor. Soft, painless, and generally small Lipids are fats Benign connective tissue neoplasm
Leiomyoma
Tumor of non-striated (smooth) muscle tissue Usually found in the uterus, small bowel, and esophagus Benign neoplasm of muscle tissue
expansion
push surrounding tissue aside
emaciation
Excessive wasting away of the body
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
Lymphoma
Malignancy of lymphoid tissue (composed of lymphocytes: white blood cells) Often originate in the lymph nodes Hodgkins (Reed-Sternberg) and Non-hodgkins are based on the specific type of lymphocyte that they affect malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
foci
The region of a localized bodily infection or disease
hematuria
discharge of red blood cells in the urine
fibroma
Composed of fibrous tissue (a type of connective tissue) which consists of mostly collagen fibers Benign connective tissue neoplasm
metastasize
transfer of a disease from its primary site to a distant location
angioma
Composed of small blood vessels or lymph vessels. Usually appear at the surface of the skin Benign connective tissue neoplasm
Rhabdomyoma
Tumor of striated muscle (cardiac and skeletal muscles) Most common in the tongue, head, and neck and heart but can also be found in other locations. Very rare in adults Benign neoplasm of muscle tissue
neoplasms (tumors)
The abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of mass or new growth of tissue. Can be classified as either benign or malignant. UNCONTROLLED CELL PROLIFERATION
Basal cell carcinoma
Cells that form the lowest layer of the epidermis(stratum basale) become altered and proliferate into the dermis and upper epidermal layers Most common type of skin cancer malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes (pigment cells) Usually in the skin but also in the bowel and eyes. Most common in caucasian males Most deadly form of skin cancer (75% of skin cancer deaths) malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
Specialized tissue with the ability to contract and also conduct electrical impulses There are three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant tumor originating in the fibrous connective tissue Sometimes resemble normal cells of the tissue even secreting collagen malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
Osteosarcoma
Malignant bone cancer. Soft connective tissue changes to form tumoral bone Most common type of bone cancer Most cases occur around the knee malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
Angiosarcoma
Tumors originating from the epithelial lining of blood vessels Most commonly found in the face and scalp region Most are cutaneous (found in the skin) malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
Section 5
(13 cards)