Section 1
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What is the visual system?
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (294)
Section 1
(50 cards)
What is the visual system?
Eyes, which sense position based on what is seen.
How does colder-than-standard temperature affect the relationship between indicated altitude and true altitude?
indicated attitude is higher than true altitude when the temperature is lower than standard, resulting in less terrain and obstruction clearance during cold weather operations.
What is INS short for?
Inertial navigation system
Which flight instrument is not legally required for flight under IFR?
Vertical speed indicator
A blocked static source affects which instruments?
Airspeed indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator
What is the primary bank instrument during straight and level flight and during straight climbs and descents?
Heading indicator
R-44 Tail rotor diameter
4 feet 10 inches
R-44 Main rotor blade twist
-6 degrees
What is the somatosensory system?
Nerves in the skin, muscles, and joints, which, along with hearing, sense position based on gravity, feeling, and sound.
What is a Deceleration error in regards to the Attitude indicator?
Deceleration causes the horizon bar to move up, indicating a false pitch down attitude.
How long does it take to make a 360 degree turn?
Two minutes
During a compass turn, what heading should you use for roll-out if making a right turn to a heading of 360 at a latitude of 45N? Assuming you are using a 16 degree bank angle?
307 degrees
What is the primary power instrument during straight and level flight?
Airspeed indicator
Which condition leads to unreliable operation of the heading indicator and attitude indicator?
Low vacuum pressure
What is an ADF short for?
Automatic direction finder
What is an Acceleration error in regards to the Attitude indicator?
As the aircraft accelerates (e.g., during takeoff), there is another type of gyro precession which causes the horizon bar to move down, indicating a slight pitch up attitude. Therefore, takeoffs in low visibility require the use of other instruments such as the altimeter to confirm that a positive rate of climb is established immediately after takeoff.
What is a Turn error in regards to the Attitude indicator?
During a normal coordinated turn, centrifugal force causes the gyro to precess toward the inside of the turn. This precession increases as the bank steepens; therefore, it is greatest during the actual turn. The error disappears as the aircraft rolls out at the end of a 180 degrees turn at a normal rollout rate.
O O D A
Observation Orientation Decision Action
What causes spatial disorientation in flight?
Any differences or discrepancies between visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensory inputs result in a "sensory mismatch" that can produce illusions and lead to spatial disorientation.
Scan errors F O E
Fixation- not scanning Omission- leaving out gauges Emphasis- depending on one gauge
What is the pilot-in-command's responsibility
The PIC is responsible for all aspects of the flight including all radio transmissions. The PIC has the authority to delegate duties during any aviation mission. This responsibility and authority for the mission exists from the time the PIC accepts the mission through the flight planning for the mission and until completion of the mission. It is imperative that flight crewmembers understand this authority. The successful completion of the mission, as well as the safety of all crewmembers, may well be jeopardized if the scope of this authority is not clearly understood.
What is the primary/support concept?
1 instrument provides the pilot with primary information along the three dimensions of pitch, bank, and power. Other instruments support the primary instrument.
Which flight instrument gives you an instantaneous display of both pitch and bank information?
Attitude indicator
What is the bank angle equation?
True airspeed divided by 10 plus 5 = bank angle
Describe the proper sequence for recovering from a nose-low, turning, increasing airspeed, unusual flight attitude.
Reduce power and level the wings using the attitude indicator or the turn coordinator. Gently raise the nose to a level pitch attitude using the attitude indicator, or by stopping the movement of the altimeter and air speed needles.
What is the primary bank instrument while rolling into a level standard-rate-turn? What is the primary pitch instrument?
The primary bank instrument is the attitude indicator. The primary pitch instrument is the altimeter.
What is the Vestibular system?
Organs found in the inner ear that sense position by the way we are balanced.
What is an RMI short for?
Radio magnetic indicator
G C M A R T H A P L
Gps/vloc Compass Missed approach Altitude Radios/radials Timed approach? Heading Adis/asos/awos Pre Landing checks Landing light
G R A B C A R D
Generator Rate of turn Altimeter w/kolsman window Ball Clock Attitude indicator Radios (communication/navigation) Directional gyro
How many satellites are required to isolate the corrupt satellite and continue reliable operation?
Six
R-44 Main rotor diameter
33 feet
Name the gyroscopic flight instruments. Upon which two principles do they depend?
The gyroscopic flight instruments are the attitude indicator, heading indicator, and turn coordinator. The two principles are rigidity in space and precession.
What should you use to correct for magnetic deviation?
compass directional card
What is decompression sickness?
Caused by the development of nitrogen bubbles in the blood and tissues as a result of a reduction of atmospheric pressure which happens too quickly for the body to dispose of the excessive nitrogen.
What is an HSI short for?
Horizontal situation indicator
What is the primary pitch instrument during straight and level flight, and during level turns?
Altimeter
R-44 main rotor blade chord
10 inches
True/False. The gyroscopic instruments are the only fight instruments that provide bank information.
True
What is an instrument interpretation?
Involves ascertaining exactly what the instrument is telling you even when your body senses say something else.
What instruments show Bank?
Attitude indicator Turn coordination Hsi
What instruments show pitch?
Airspeed indicator Attitude indicator Altimeter Vertical speed indicator
Why is the turn coordinator a good backup for the attitude and heading indicators in most small airplanes?
The turn coordinator is electrically powered, while the attitude indicator and heading indicator are vacuum powered. If either the electrical or vacuum system fails, you still have bank information.
What is RAIM short for?
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring system
What instruments show power?
Airspeed indicator Manifold pressure gauge
Compass errors acronym
Variation Deviation Magnetic Dip Oscillation Northerly turning errors Acceleration/Deceleration errors
5 P's
Plan Pilot Plane Passengers Programing
What is the primary pitch instrument during a transition from straight and level flight to a straight constant airspeed climb? What is the primary bank instrument?
The primary pitch instrument is the attitude indicator. The primary bank instrument is the heading indicator.
What is the ADF equation for fixed card?
Magnetic heading + Relative bearing = Magnetic bearing
What is the approximate bank angle required to maintain a standard-rate turn at 90 knots?
14 degrees
Section 2
(50 cards)
R-44 cylinder head max temperature
500 F
True or False, Turns are made to the left in nonstandard turns?
True
Lycoming O-540-F1B5 Max continuous HP
205 BHP 102%
R-44 powerplant
Lycoming O-540-F1B5
What are the four pitch instruments?
Airspeed indicator Attitude indicator Altimeter VSI
R-44 tail rotor blade chord
5.1 inches
What is the max holding speed under 6000 MSL?
200 KIAS
What are the two power instruments?
Airspeed indicator Manifold pressure
R-44 maximum oil pressure during flight
95 psi
R-44 power off rotor limits %
90%-108%
What is the max holding speed above 14001 MSL?
265 KIAS
R-44 maximum oil pressure during start & warmup
115 psi
R-44 min oil pressure during idle
25 psi
R-44 tail rotor blade twist
0 degrees
Can you request a holding pattern?
You may request a hold, for example, to wait for weather conditions to improve.
What does CWA stand for?
Center weather advisory Used to alert pilots to existing or forecast adverse weather conditions that may affect terminal or enroute operations.
Where does a holding pattern start and end?
At the holding fix
V O D G A
Vot- vor test facility Ownship- designated location Dual receiver check- use two receivers Ground Air
R-44 max auto rotation speed
100 KIAS
How large is a holding pattern?
Size is directly proportional to aircraft speed; doubling your speed doubles the size of your holding pattern.
Within a given area, what facility is the central authority for processing an IFR flight plan?
Air route traffic control center
R-44 power on rotor limits %
101%-102%
What is a holding pattern?
A holding pattern is a time delay used by ATC to help maintain separation and smooth out traffic flow.
Visibility and ceiling requirements for alternate airport landing in a helicopter?
200 foot ceiling above the minimum for the approach to be flown and 1 mile visibility.
How often does VOR equipment require a check?
30 days
Visibility and ceiling clearance for IFR when landing.
1000 foot ceiling or 400 feet above the lowest applicable approach minima and 2 miles visibility.
What is the speed limit in holding patterns below 6,000 feet MSL?
200 KIAS
R-44 max oil temperature
245 F
R-44 maximum range air speed
100 KIAS
R-44 minimum oil quantity for takeoff
7 qts
The first complete circuit of your standard holding pattern at 10,000 feet MSL takes a total of 3 minutes and 52 seconds. To achieve an inbound leg time of 1 minute on your next circuit, assuming there is no crosswind, approximately how many seconds should you fly outbound before turning?
68 seconds
R-44 never exceed airspeed above 2200 punds TOGW
120 KIAS
Lycoming O-540-F1B5 5 minute takeoff rating HP
225 BHP
R-44 maximum rate of climb speed
55 KIAS
R-44 maximum weight per seat
300 pounds
What direction is a standard holding pattern?
Right turns
What does ARTCC stand for?
Air route traffic control centers
Air traffic control centers were established to provide air traffic control service aircraft operating on what type of flight plan?
IFR
Above what altitude are the straight legs for a standard holding pattern one and a half minutes?
14000 feet MSL
R-44 minimum gross weight
1550 pounds
What are the three bank instruments?
Attitude indicator Turn coordinator Heading Indicator
R-44 fuel capacity w/ bladders
Main tank: 29.5 Aux tank: 17 Total: 46.5
R-44 never exceed airspeed without doors
100 KIAS
R-44 Never exceed airspeed bellow 2200 pounds TOGW
130 KIAS
What is the max holding speed between 6001 and 14000 MSL?
230 KIAS
R-44 minimum oil pressure during flight
55 psi
How many minutes of reserve fuel are required for instrument flight in a helicopter?
30 minutes
R-44 Hourly fuel consumption
15 GPH
What are the two highest priorities of the air traffic control systems?
The separation of known IFR traffic and the issuance of safety alerts
R-44 maximum gross weight
2400 pounds
Section 3
(50 cards)
Shorthand Expect
EX
When does ATC issue a safety alert?
When it is apparent that your aircraft is in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstructions, or other aircraft
Shorthand Direct
DR or D with arrow though middle
Shorthand Surveillance Radar
ASR
Which services are included in basic radar service for VFR aircraft?
Safety alerts, traffic advisories, and limited radar vectoring
Shorthand Localizer only
LOC
Shorthand Depart (Departure)
DP
Shorthand Each
EA
Shorthand cross or crossing
X
Shorthand Approach
AP
Shorthand Cleared To Land
CL
Shorthand Final
F
Shorthand Cleared or (ATC) clears
C
Shorthand Established
ESTB
Shorthand Cruise
Right arrow
True or false. As a general rule, you cannot obtain an IFR clearance though a flight service station.
False
Shorthand Contact
CT
Shorthand Expect Further Clearance
EFC
Shorthand Approach Control
APC
Shorthand As Published
APUB
Shorthand Precision Approach Radar
PAR
Shorthand Flight Level
FL
Shorthand Climb
Up Arrow
Shorthand For Further Clearance
FFC
Shorthand (ATC) Requests
CR
Shorthand Bearing
BRG
Shorthand Contact Approach
CAP
Shorthand Course
CRS
What is the name of the facility that allows you to receive an IFR clearance before you contact ground control for taxi?
Clearance delivery
What facility issues center weather advisories?
An ARTCC
Shorthand Before (reaching or passing)
>
Shorthand (ATC) Advises
CA
Shorthand Cleared As Filed
CAF
IFR flight plans filed in the ARTCC computer are usually deleted if they are not activated within what time period?
1 hour
Shorthand Localizer Back Course
LBC
At least how many minutes prior to your planned departure should you file your IFR flight plan?
30 minutes
Shorthand Center
CTR
True or false. An ATC advisory, such as "traffic 2 oclock, 3 miles northbound" is based on the position of that traffic relative to your aircraft's true heading.
False
Shorthand Departure Control
DPC
If a control tower and a flight service station are on the same airport, what type of advisory service is provided by selected flight service stations when the tower is closed?
Local airport advisory
Shorthand Descend (To)
Down arrow
Shorthand As Filed
AF
Shorthand Above
ABV
Shorthand Below
BLO
Shorthand DME Fix (15 DME mile fix)
D15
Shorthand Flight Planned Route
FPR
Shorthand Airport
A
Shorthand Eastbound
EB
Shorthand (ATC) Clears or Cleared
C
Shorthand Advise
ADV
Section 4
(50 cards)
Shorthand Middle Marker
MM
What is the significance of the following clearance: "...cruise 5,000"?
You can conduct your flight at any altitude from the minimum IFR altitude up to and including 5,000 feet MSL
True or false. ATC will not issue an instrument departure procedure (DP) unless you request it.
False
Before a contact approach is approved, the reported ground visibility must be at least what?
One statute mile
Shorthand Intersection
Triangle
An ATC Clearance is an authorization to proceed under specified conditions within what type of airspace?
Controlled
Shorthand Inbound
IB
Shorthand Holding Pattern
Sideways Oval
Shorthand On Course
OC
Shorthand Compass Locator at Middle Marker
LMM
Shorthand Intercept
INT
Shorthand Takeoff
TO
Shorthand Radial (092 radial)
092R
Shorthand Until
Til or U
Shorthand Runway (number)
RNY 26
Shorthand Heading
HDG
Shorthand No (or not) Later Than
NLT
Regardless of weather conditions, you are required to file an IFR flight plan before you can legally fly within what class of airspace?
Class A
Shorthand Outer Marker
OM
In the event you deviate from a clearance due to an emergency, when must you notify ATC?
As soon as possible
If ATC provides you with priority service because of an emergency, you may be required to submit a written report to the manager of that ATC facility within what time frame?
Within 48 hours after landing
Shorthand Until Advised (by)
UA
Shorthand Report Over
RO
Shorthand Procedure Turn
PT
If you depart from an airport in Class G airspace in less than VFR conditions, when must you file an IFR flight plan and receive clearance?
Before entering controlled airspace
Shorthand Radar Contact
RCT
Shorthand Hold (direction) (west)
H-W
Shorthand From
FRM
Shorthand Standby
STBY
Shorthand Outboud
OB
Shorthand Victor (airway number)
V294
Shorthand Squack
SQ
Shorthand Maintain (or magnetic)
M
Shorthand Compass Locator at Outer Marker
LOM
True or false. When ATC issues a clearance with significant changes to your requested routing, yo can expect an abbreviated clearance.
False
Shorthand Report Starting Procedure Turn
RSPT
Shorthand Landing
LDG
Shorthand Turn right, or turn right after departure
RT
Shorthand Report
R
True or false. You are always required to see and avoid other aircraft while operating in VFR conditions, even on an IFR flight plan
True
Shorthand Until Further Advised
UFA
Shorthand Reverse Course
RC
True or false. To operate under IFR within controlled airspace, you must file an IFR flight plan and obtain an ATC clearance
True
Shorthand Report On Course
R-CRS
Shorthand Report Reaching
RR
Shorthand Report Leaving
RL
Shorthand Report Passingq
RP
Shorthand Radar Vector
RV
Shorthand Tower
TR
Shorthand Turn left, or turn left after departure
LT
Section 5
(50 cards)
What is an Intermediate approach segment?
The segment between the intermediate fix or point and the final approach fix.
What does FAF mean?
Final approach fix
What must the ceiling height and visibility distance be so there is no requirement for alternate airport?
At least 1000 above the airport elevation or at least 400 above the lowest applicable approach minima. 2 miles visibility.
What does APV stand for?
approaches with vertical guidance
Approach category B speed
91 knots or more but less than 121 knots
Approach category C speed
121 knots or more but less than 141 knots
What does MRA stand for?
Minimum reception altitude. the lowest altitude on an airway segment where an aircraft can be assured of receiving signals from navigation aids like VOR or NDB. Typically, the greater the distance between navigation aids, the higher the MRA.
3200 feet RVR equals what visibility in statute miles?
5/8
Required special equipment G R A B C A R D N
Generator/alternator Rate of turn/turn coordinator Altimeter Ball-inclinometer Clock Attitude indicator Radios Directional gyro Navigation equipment other than gps
When you are flying on a composite flight plan, who should you contact to cancel the VFR portion and request a clearance to proceed under IFR?
The nearest Flight Service Station
What is Initial approach altitude segment?
The altitude or altitudes prescribed for the initial approach segment of an instrument approach.
Approach category E speed
166 knots or more
What is a Helipoint?
The aiming point for the final approach course. It is normally the center point of the touchdown and lift-off area
What does HAS mean?
Height above the surface and is the height of the DA/MDA above the highest terrain/surface within a 5,200 foot radius of the missed approach point used in helicopter instrument approach procedures and is expressed in feet above ground level (AGL)
Approach category A speed
Speed less than 91 knots
1600 feet RVR equals what visibility in statute miles?
1/4
What does MAP mean?
Missed approach point
Helicopter visibility required for take off under IFR
1/2 mile
What does NoPT mean?
No procedure turn required.
What does HAL mean?
Height above landing and is the height of the DA/MDA above a designated helicopter landing area elevation used for the helicopter instrument approach procedures and is expressed in feet.
Minimum IFR altitude when flying in a non mountainous area
1000 feet above the highest obstacle and 4 miles horizontal distance
5 T's
Time Turn Twist Throttle Talk
What does HAA mean?
Height above the airport and is expressed in feet
A V E F
Assigned Vectored Expected Filed
True or false. You must file an IFR flight plan and receive an appropriate clearance from ATC before entering controlled airspace flying IFR.
True
What does NA mean?
Not authorized
What is a Missed approach segment?
The segment between the missed approach point, or point of arrival at decision altitude or decision height (DA/DH) and the missed approach fix at the prescribed altitude.
What does MEA stand for?
Minimum en route altitude. The lowest published altitude between radio navigation fixes that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage (see MRA) and meets obstacle clearance requirements (see MOCA) between those fixes.
M E A
Minimum Expected Assigned
What is a Final approach segment?
The segment between the final approach fix or point and the runway, airport, or missed approach.
What is a procedure turn?
The maneuver prescribed when it is necessary to reverse direction to establish the aircraft on an intermediate or final approach course.
What is a Hold in lieu of PT?
A holding pattern established under applicable FAA criteria, and used in lieu of a procedure turn to execute a course reversal
2400 feet RVR equals what visibility in statute miles?
1/2
IFR required Visual Reverance A V R T
Approach lights-no less than 100 above touchdown Visual glide slope-papi/vasi Runway-markings, lighting, indentifiers Threshhold/touchdown
Approach category D speed
141 knots or more but less than 166 knots
What does MDA stand for?
Minimum decent altitude
Minimum IFR altitude when flying over mountains
2000 feet above the highest obstacle and 4 miles horizontal distance
True or False. You are required to comply with VFR cruising altitude rules
True
What does MOCA stand for?
Minimum obstruction clearance altitude
4000 feet RVR equals what visibility in statute miles?
3/4
What does RA mean?
Radio altimeter setting height
What is a WAAS? What is it for?
Wide Area Augmentation system. An air navigation aid developed by the FAA to augment the GPS, with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability.
What does RVV mean?
Runway visibility value
N E D D
Number Equipment affected Degree Affected Desired assistance
What is a Fluxgate?
A detector that is sensitive to magnetic north. It is mounted in a relatively non-magnetic place in the airplane to minimize magnetic interference. The fluxgate constantly and automatically updates the RMI's heading indicator, eliminating the task of turning a compass card or correcting the RMI's heading indicator to the magnetic compass.
Clearance C R A F T V
Clearance limit Route Altitudes Frequency Transponder Void Time
What does MSA mean?
Minimum safe altitude expressed in feet above sea level.
What is the Initial approach segment?
The segment between the initial approach fix and the intermediate fix or the point where the aircraft is established on the intermediate course or final approach course.
What is an RMI?
Radio Magnetic Indicator (combines a fluxgate,HI, and relative bearing indicator.
When ATC issues a clearance void time in conjunction with a departure clearance, in what time frame must you depart?
No later than the clearance void time
Section 6
(44 cards)