Section 1
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All living things are made of cells and move, DNA, metabolism, energy, growth, evolution, reproduction
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Last updated
7 years ago
Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (173)
Section 1
(50 cards)
All living things are made of cells and move, DNA, metabolism, energy, growth, evolution, reproduction
Characteristics of life
water hating
Hydrophobic
ER that has ribosomes
Rough ER
a polymer made of monomers called amino acids
Protein
A system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or at least by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring(going towards homeostasis)
Negative feedback loops
covalent
Bond with shared electrons
defend cell from bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Definsin
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
mRNA
Processes proteins and transports them
Golgi Body (Apparatus)
contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole
plant cell
covalent, ionic, hydrogen
Types of bonds
produce heat
Brown fat cells
Hydrogen
weakest bond
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Characteristics domains
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell (only in plant cells)
Chloroplasts
genus and species
Scientific naming
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
Prokaryote
when a system responds to change by increasing the rate at which the change is occurring(going farther away from homeostasis)
Positive feedback loops
bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
Ribosomes
thing that happens to correct stimulus (bring back to homeostasis)
Homeostasis feedback loop effector
Control center of the cell
Nucleus
covalent
Strongest bond
false foot(used for moving)
Pseudopod
has a nucleus
Eukaryote
all the chemical activities of a cell
cellular metabolism
Thing that senses the stimulus
Homeostasis feedback loop receptor
A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.
Centrosome
Makes lipids
Smooth ER
does not have a cell wall or chloroplast but a small vacuole
animal cell
water loving
Hydrophilic
ionic
bond with unshared electrons
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
DNA
death of tissue
necrosis
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Maintaining a constant internal environment
Homeostasis
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
Phospholipids
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that produces ATP (energy)
Mitochondria
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this
Viruses
Basic unit of life
cell
1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species (Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti)
8 levels of classification
model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
fluid mosaic model
have two negative charges
Phosphate groups
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
rRNA
Jellylike fluid containing organelles
cytoplasm
structures inside a cell
Organelle
a feedback loop that responds to a stimulus(positive feedback then brings that back to homeostasis)
Homeostasis feedback loops
Where materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
brain
Homeostasis feedback loop control center
some substances can pass across it and others cannot
selectively permeable
Section 2
(50 cards)
fats and oils
Lipids
nucleotides
monomer of nucleic acids
Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
passive transport
Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
hypotonic solution
links together fragments of DNA for lagging strand
Lygase
enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits (by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other)
hydrolisis reaction
monomers of proteins
amino acids
unit of energy
Calories
cell death
Apoptosis
a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
ADP
proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water
Human nutritional requirements
divide excessively and can invade other tissues and displace normal cells
cancer cells
glycerol and fatty acids
monomer of lipids
organelles that contain digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
helps a cell keep its shape
Cytoskeleton
produce and organize microtubules
Centrioles
Both are lipids - saturated have NO double bonds, are saturated with hydrogen, solid at room temperature unsaturated - have double bonds, are plant based, liquid at room temperature
saturated vs unsaturated fats
gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus.
chromosome
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
hypertonic solution
one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
each chromosome consists of
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Glucose
requires energy
endergonic reaction
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
4 main biomolecules
enzymes build larger molecule from smaller subunits
condensation reaction
surface area to volume ratio
Why are cells so small?
a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
isotonic solution
cell division of reproductive cells
meiosis
monosaccharides
monomer of carbohydrates
Guanine (G)
What pairs with cytosine?
Each half of the chromosome
Chromatid
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine (uracil for RNA)
Nitrogen bases
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
Cytokinesis
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
free radicals
Amino acids are the monomers of protein(protein is the polymer)
Examples of polymers and their monomers
releases energy
exergonic reaction
phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
Nucleotide
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
Carbohydrates
energy
ATP
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
chromatin
breaks down
Enzyme
Thymine or Uracil
What pairs with Adenine?
proteins that allow the cell to keep itself from producing certain things
Slicer Enzymes
enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication
Polymerase
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
Helicase
skip
Skip(answer is skip)
Requires energy (ATP), movement of molecules from low to high concentration, moves against the concentration gradient
active transport
interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, interphase 2, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
stages in order of meiosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
stages in order of mitosis
DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
cell division of somatic cells
mitosis
Section 3
(50 cards)
eyepiece, objective lens, fine adjustment knob, course adjustment knob, stage, stage clips, diaphragm, base
Parts of a microscope
having two different alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
The variable that depends on the independent variable
dependent variable
Separation of alleles during gamete formation
Segregation
sphere
rRNA structure
green
chlor
life
bio
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Recessive allele
An organism that cannot make its own food.
Heterotroph
10x*10x=100x
Medium power is what multiplied by what to get...
A pair of chromosomes of the same type, one from each parent.
homologous pairs
standard for comparison
Control
within
endo/en
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles
Punnett Square
40x*10x=400x
High power is what multiplied by what to get...
A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.
Pedigree
cell
cyt
40x (low power objective)
A microscope should always begin on
double helix; store genetic information
DNA structure and function
heat
calor
genes that are located on the same chromosome
linked genes
sugar
glyc
4x*10x=40x
Low power is what multiplied by what to get...
translation
RNA to protein
excessive
hyper
?
Mono/Di Hybrid Cross
one allele is not completely dominant over another
incomplete dominance
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Phenotype
different
hetero
united, joined
gam
having two identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
Centromere
the allele that determines the organism's appearance
dominant allele
random separation of homologous chromosomes
independent assortment
neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
Codominance
outside
ecto
variable that is manipulated
independent variable
outside of
ex/exo
one allele is completely dominant over another
complete dominance
same
hom
transcription
DNA to RNA
out, very
e/ex/ef
genetic makeup
Genotype
A value that does not change
constant
without
a/an
Amino acid on top, anti codon on bottom
tRNA structure
Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes
sex-linked inheritance
single stranded
mRNA structure
protein synthesis
Whole process of DNA replication
Charts that represent data (Ex: Pie, Bar, Line)
graphs
Section 4
(23 cards)