Section 1
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (207)
Section 1
(50 cards)
temperature scales
centigrade, celcius, fer.
What are three units for energy
Cal, Wh, J
heat engines depend on what to do their work
temperature differences
conduction is what
contact
force is what
a push or a pull
what do we need to measure work
the amount of force being used and the distance of the movement
weight is
a measurement of how much the force of gravity acts on your you
power= what
work/ time (P= W/t)
4 states of matter
solid (earth), liquid (water) , gas (air) , plasma (fire)
the pressure of the gas is defines as what
force exerted on one square meter of area
what is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
what is weight
the measure of the Earth's gravitational force on your body's mass
energy
is the ability of work or anything that can be turned into heat
the nasa is in the
low orbit
Mass is
the amount of matter something is made from
temperature is a measure of the hidden what
kinetic energy
heat engine
runs by turning heat into mechanical motion ex. diesel, car engine
you weigh more/less when you stand on the moon
less because the gravitational force of the moon is less than the earth
the weather satellite is in the
high orbit
high earth orbit is
slower
power is what
the rate at which work is done
velocity is what
distance/ time
heat is what
the kinetic energy of molecules
the ideal gas law states
P= constant x Tk
the typical velocity of shaking is about the same speed of what
sound
conduction
heat is tranferred from one particule of matter to another in an object
Energy comes from what?
gasoline, hydrogen, fuel cell, uranium, battery
energy is what?
the ability to do work
heat is what?
shaking molecules
the gps is in the
middle orbit
radiation
transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves
second law of thermodynamics
you cannot extract heat from a single object and turn it into useful energy unless there is something cold for the heat to flow to
temperature is closely related to what
heat
chapters 1,2,3,4
chapters 1,2,3,4
kinetic energy
energy of motion
you need what to extract useful energy from heat
a temperature difference
subenergies
mechanical, electrical, sound, radiant thermal
convection
heat transfer in liquids and gasses
energy comes in two forms:
kinetic and potential
does energy transfer from high to low or low to high
high to low
escape velocity
velocity can escape from gravity of the Earth
newton's law of motion
1. an object in motion will remain in motion unless there is a force acting on it 2. the size of an object's acceleration is proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the object F=ma 3. for every force applied to an object, there is an opposite or equal reaction
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
tow things that touch eachother tend to reach the same temperature
low earth orbit is
quicker
when does an explosion occur
when a large amount of stored energy is released into a small volume of area in a very short time
formula of work
force x distance
work is what
moving an object by exerting a force
the temperatuer increases/decreases when the average shaking every of its molecules is greater
increases
heat can be turned into useful energy only when it is flowing from what
a hot region to a cold region
what do we need to measure power
the amount of work being done and the amount of time it takes to do work
Section 2
(50 cards)
angular momentum
L=mvR
types of radiation
alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, fission fragments, cosmic rays, neutrons, cathode rays, neutrinos,
fusion
two light nuclei are combined into one with a large release of energy
ex. of chain reaction
avalanche, cancer, fingerbrint, illness, lightning
angular moment is also what
conserved
to seperate U-235 what should you use
gas centrifuge
whats a plutonium bomb
it has a special design called implosion (fat man)
the nucelus contains almost all the mass (99.9%) of what
the atom
if enough uranium surrounds the initial fission then we have a _____ ___ of uranium
critical mass
black hole has strong/weak gravity
strong
the bombs tested at Alamagordo and Nagasaki were..
plutonium bombs
chapters 5,6,7,
chapters 5,6,7
neurton
0
velocity is
speed with direction
fission
splitting of a nuclesu
circular acceleration
magnitude of speed doesn't change but the direction chances a= v2/R
fusion
coming together of particules
moores law
the observation that computing power roughly doubles every two years.
two forms of fission
spontaneous fission and induced fission
conversation of momentum
(mBvB+mRvR)before= (mBvB+ mRvR) after
rem
the measure of radioactivty
was the hiroshima bomb U or P
uranium
speed doesn't have a direction true or false
true
gun type bomb
shot at a canon at another piece
different isotopes have what
different physical properties, but their chemical properties are the same
free fall
when there is no air resistance ex. vacuums
If an atom were the size of a football stadium, how big would its nucleus be?
size of a mosquito
atomic number
the number of protons
what is a black hole
a very dense place in space where gravity has become so extreme that it overwhelms all over forces
plutonium has what kind of shell
a hollow shell
how is speed measured
distance/time
source of energy for the sun is what
fusion
Can light escape a black hole?
nope
electorn
1-
fission
a splitting apart
atomic bomb is
nuclear fission chain reaction
fusion
fusing two nuceli together
the gas with heavier/ lighter Uranimum-238 goes where in a gas centrifuge
on the outer part leaving U-235 near the center
speed is what
a scalar quantity
acceleration is
change in velocity over time either in magnitude or direction
the average dose it takes to induce cancer is a whole body dose of
2500 rem
what is uranium combined with to make a gas
flurorine and then placed in rotating cylinders (that is the centrifuge)
nuclear bomb that destoryed hiroshima was
gun type
the escape velocity of a black hole is bigger than what
the speed of light
the number of electrons equals what
the number of protons
half life is what
the time required for the amount of time required for half the material to decay
proton
1+
isotops
different number of neutrons for the same atom
critical mass
The minimum mass of a fissionable isotope that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction
chain reaction
several fissions happening 1. 1 atom splits into 2 2. 2 split into 4 3. 4 splits into 8 4. 8 becomes 16 5. 16 becomes 32 etc .
Section 3
(50 cards)
van de graaf generator
a device that accumulates very large charges ** what I did in class where my hair went nuts
uranimum reprocessing
not good stuff, but good for atomic bomb
if the energy is released in a nuclear chain reaction is allowed to proceed in a controlled way then this can be used as an energy source and you have a
nuclear reactor
Europe voltage vs. US ********
220 Europe, less waste of electricity but more dangerous can give you shock 110 is the US *******
the hydrogen bomb is also called
the thermonuclear bomb
wave
way of transporting energy from place to place
for a bomb it has to be u-235 has to be
80%
magnetism in earth ***
comes from large current flowing in the liquid iron core***** -reverses on an irregular cycle -used to effect navigation, not anymore bc we use gps now and that uses satellite not the poles of the earth
sound moves faster in...
solids and liquids than in air
if a chain reaction occurs in an uncontrolled manner then you have
atomic bomb
volts
energy of the electrons
what is the measurement for electric current
electrons per second
breeder reactor
a reactor that generates more nuclear fuel than it consumes ... made out of u-238
magnets have two poles
north and south
reactor vs. bomb
if it is uncontrolled it is a bomb
electromagnet
a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current
the heat from the power is used to boil water and then does what
is used to run a turbine
solenoid
a coil of wire with an electric current in it
semiconductor
can either be an insulator or conductor depending on temperature
what is depleted uranium used for
military weapons particularly shells that are used to attack tanks
nuclear reactors:
power comes from heat
ac vs. dc
ac is the alternating current electricity (back and forth directions) dc is a direct current (one direction)
permanent magnets
unmagnetized iron can be magnetized *can be reversed with heat ex. iron,
electric current
when charged particules move
electric charge
propery of the electron that gives its force a name
difference between electric charge and manget
electric charges can be isolated and magnetic poles cannot
how is plutonium produced
with the waste of another reactor
superconductors
materials that have zero resistance
in a home what happens with current and voltage
voltage doesn't change, only the current
electron volt abbreviation
eV
conductos
materials that conduct electricity well
all particles are what?
little packets of waves
depleted uranimum
when u-235 is enriched there is some u-238 left over
insultators
don't conduct electricity well
in a nucelar reactor how many neutrons are used to produce another fission
only one
the most popular moderators:
h20, heavy water, and graphite
what kind of quarks are there
1 up 2 d we write this a udd
neutrons consists of ____ quarks
3
control rods
made of materials that absorbs neutrons without releasing energy
natural uranium has how much u-235
.7%
what is unfortunate about superconductors
they only show low resistance at low temperatures
amp
how many electrons are flowing past a point each second
what uses a moderator
a nuclear reactor
charges ____ each other whie unlike signed charges ____ eachother
repel, attract
what is used for hydrogen bomb.. fission or fusion
fusion
curie temperature
if you heat a magnet to a certain temperature then the magnetism goes away *every material has its own curie temperature
ferromagnetic
magnetic domains of a material align
coulombs
unit of charge
can a reactor explode like an atomic bomb? *******
no, nuclear reactors depend on slow neutrons ****
magnetism***
the force of magnets and occurs only if the electric charges ARE MOVING ****
Section 4
(50 cards)
horiozontally polarized
field points horizontally
near sightedness
cornea is too curved
every material has
electrons
polarization is imporant.. why?
LCDs.. we use it a lot
plasma
separate protons and electrons and the gas is called plasma
Einstein Equation
E=mc2 *relates the energy of wave to its frequency
How do polarized sunglasses work?
made up of polarized films, reflects light from a non metal surface (water, glass) and become horizontally polarized
what is the radar
laser*** know the steps
work on the principle of stimulated emission***
cones
color ex. red green blue
mri maps the
distribution of hydrogen
how do corner reflectors act on the moon
Montreal Protocol
banned production of aerosols, reduction of CFCs
ozone layer
Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.
refraction
the process of bending ex. rainbow
ct scan stands for
computed tomography
photoelectric effect
photon hits an element or an atom and then it kicks an electron out
UV can be used for what in india
purifying water
quantized energy
Energy that occurs only in particular discrete amounts
1 cycle of a wave is
a wave frequency
what is the altitude of the ozone layer**
40,000-60,000 feet***
Uv color is most responsible for what layer in the atmosphere
ozone layer in the atomsphere
study the liquid core of the earth slides
law of reflection
the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
V=fL
V=fL
waves
sending energy without sending matter
index of refraction
a measure of the amount a ray of light bends when it passes from one medium to another
problems with eyes
far sighted near
what is a corner reflector
Compton scattering
x rays bouncing backwards ex. looking inside a truck for illegal immigrants
Uv light
emit little or no light
for x rays you need
source of electrons, means of focusing and accelerating electrons, and a way to stop the electrons
longer wavelength
lower frequency
vertically polarized
electric field points in vertical direction
mri stands for
qmagnetic resonance imaging
light bends towards what
the direction in which it is traveling slower
positrons
simple form of antiatter with a positive charge
photons have no _____
mass
we use infrared radiation in... (know examples)
weather satellites, military, pit viper detects prey this way, remotes
rods
sensing brightness ex. black white
diffraction
a wave passing through an opening
chapters 9,11,12 here
chapters 9,11,12 here
Wavelength
difference bettween two 2 waves
quantum leap
a sudden large increase or advance in electrons (an electron is excited)
far sightedness
as you grow older the flexibility of your lens is lost
what are photons
pure energy
sunlight is polarized or not
no
the velocity of a wavelenth is the
frequency times the wavelength
how many times does the sun rise over the south pole a year
1 time
freon
CFC which are highly stable and don't decompose
Section 5
(7 cards)