Section 1
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Nile
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Date created
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Cards (214)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Nile
the second longest river in the world; Egypt formed around it
Homo Erectus
"Upright man" these hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting. They also became the first hominids to migrate from Africa. Also were the first to use fire.
Scarcity
A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants
Ice Age
A period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets.
Scholarly View
what professionals in each area believe about their subject; often different from the popular view
Pre-kingdom period
a time in Egypt before the first unified kingdom of Egypt
Indus River*
A river that flows from Tibet, through the Himalayas and Hindu Kush into the Arabian Sea.
Ethiopia
East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.
Intellectual Honesty
being open to new ideas and able to admit that you are wrong about things
Social Hierarchies
Divisions between rich and poor, elites and common people that have been a central feature of human society since the Neolithic era.
Patriarchy
a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.
Truth
something that is supported by evidence and believed by most to be accurate
Metallurgy
The science and technology of metals
Fertility Gods
worshipped not only for the safe delivery of babies but also for a good and productive harvest
Markets
meeting place where buyers and sellers come together to determine prices
Jericho
Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present-day Israel.
Technology
The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Catal Huyuk
One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions
Neolithic Revolution
(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.
Theocracy
a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
Paleolithic
The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.
Neanderthal
extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asia
Hegelian Dialectic
a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis, ultimately resulting in a synthesis
Dynasty
a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time:: ruled ancient Egypt
Agriculturalist
a person who operates a farm and is an expert in agriculture
Jordan River*
a river in southwestern Asia that flows from the Lebanon Mountains, south through the Sea of Galilee, into the Dead Sea
Upper Egypt
the southern part of ancient Egypt:: bowling pin crowns
Homo Sapiens
A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.
Irrigation
The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.
Thinking
using your brain to search for new ideas and answers to questions; not conforming to the popular view of things
Fertile Crescent*
A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates
Yellow and Yangtze rivers*
the river systems in China where civilizations developed
Homo Habilis
extinct species of upright east African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristics
Efficiency
the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
Evidence
proof that something is true, rather than just "facts"; opens up doors for questions rather than closing them
Cities
Served as centers of trade, public performance, and political administration (for example Athens, Carthage, and Teotihucan)
Synthesis
created after a thesis and an antithesis, uses the best parts of both of them
Institutions
Complex social organizations such as governments, economies, and education systems
Australopithecus
the earliest humanlike creature that flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million years ago
Government
The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies
Lower Egypt
The northern part of ancient Egypt:: chair crowns
Popular View
what most people in the world (non experts) think about anything from philosophical questions to the color of the sky
Animal domestication
animals kept for some utilitarian purpose whose breeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on humans; differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals.
Nile River*
The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea
Tigris & Euphrates*
two rivers that form the outside border of Mesopotamia
Hand Ax
Stone tool with two faces that is the longest-used tool in human history. Rounded base and pointed head-- created by early human relatives
Pastoralist
a member of a nomadic group that herds domesticated animals
Marduk
A Mesopotamian deity, chief god of the city of Babylon, killed Tiamat and created order in the world
Tiamat
The Babylonian she-dragon of chaos, killed by Marduk in the Enuma Elish, half of her body become the sky, the other half the earth:: represents chaos
Mesoamerica*
A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Minoans
The Mediterranean society that formed on the island of Crete and who were a big trading society, but were destroyed by unknown causes (probably drought)
Bronze Age Collapse
Around 1200 BCE, resulting from the collapse of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian New Kingdom; chariot warfare had become unsustainable in these early kingdoms
Hieroglyphics
An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds; used on caskets
Income and Assets
salary, insurance, and things people own to gain more power
Coffin Texts
A collection of ancient Egyptian funerary spells written on coffins; where hieroglyphs were created
Communal Goals
Goals that stress affiliation and foster harmonious relations with others; characterized as being submissive, emotional, and home oriented
Wanax
Mycenaean word for kIng
Territorial States
Larger states that evolved from smaller city-states. They managed a number of cities and extended far beyond the hinterland of a single city.
Books of the Dead
papyrus scrolls containing magical texts or spells to help dead survive tests where they're questioned by delegation of deities about behavior in life, and their hearts weighted on scale against ostrich feather (Maat)
Hammurabi's Code
a set of laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
Food Insecurity
the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food
Crete
A Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea, southeast of Greece, huge trading center in the Bronze Age
Thoth
god of writing and knowledge, pictured as a wading bird head on a human body
Ma'at
Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.
Hittites
A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.
Iron
replaced bronze because it is much more common
Old kingdom
the first unified kingdom in Egyptian history:: royals were believed to have ba (bird soul, has an afterlife, must have pyramids for burial) and regular people have ka (regular soul, no afterlife)
Nubia
A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE
Ka & Ba
Egyptian names for after-death concepts. Ba was the physical embodiment of the dead person and was depicted on tombs as a bird with a human head. Ka was roughly equivalent to "soul" and was depicted as two bent arms pointing upward.
Cyprus
Southern Europe
Taurus Mountains
Mountains in northern Mesopotamia
Hatshepsut
Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.
Mycenaeans
a group of people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; leading city called Mycenae which could withstand any attack; nobles lived in splendor; these people invaded many surrounding kingdoms
Papyrus
A long-lasting, paper-like material made from reeds; first ever paper used by Egyptians
International Trade
the exchange of goods and services among nations
Polities
city-states of the riverine societies organized around the temple and palace, were autonomous polities
Egyptian Empire
Egyptian conquests in Palestine and Syria that served to protect Egypt from invasion, created by Thutmose III
Middle Kingdom
second unified kingdom in Egyptian history:: nobles have ba, no more pyramids, regular people still have ka
Capital
money for investment
Labor
Human effort directed toward producing goods and services
1st and 2nd Intermediate
periods in between the unified kingdoms of Egypt:: upper and lower Egypt are separate
Linear A & B
A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. It was used primarily for palace records, and the surviving Linear B tablets provide substantial information about the economic organization of Mycenaean society and tantalizing clues about political, social, and religious institutions-- not all translated
Anatolia
the Southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey— also called Asia Minor.
Ships
started being built around 1600 BCE, made international trade easier because people could trade with countries across oceans from them
Indo-Europeans
Many people and languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India share a common linguistic traits due to being part of this ancient group.
New Kingdom
final unified kingdom in Egyptian history:: everyone has ba
Amenemhat
Strengthened military to control Nubia - Vizier before Pharaoh. Began Karnak Temple.
Ramses the great
important New Kingdom pharaoh who defended Egypt from invaders and strengthened defenses
Natural Resources
Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain
Narmer/Menes
the first unifier of the two kingdoms of Egypt:: took over lower Egypt and created unified kingdom- old kingdom
Black Friday
a day when people will go to any lengths to buy things on sale, even killing people by trampling
Chariot
a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.
Eurasian Steppe
A vast expanse of dry grassland extending from Romania to northeastern China.
Social Communion
communities that come together to volunteer to create more social capital and better the community
Pyramids
monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs with interactions for Ba souls to help the sun
Camels
The Romans introduced these animals to Africa, greatly increasing trade.
Social Capital
Democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for differences, which grow out of participation in voluntary organizations.
Zagros Mountains
Mountains on the western side of Iran help isolate that country from the rest of Southwest Asia. The birthplace of agriculture located in northeastern Iraq.
Phoenicia
An ancient seafaring civilization located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea
Section 3
(50 cards)
Yangtze River
The longest river of Asia, River found in China; 3rd longest river in the world (3915 miles long)
Loess
A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt; deposited in the yellow river, which makes it yellow.
Central Plain
central area of china: fertile for rice (see notes for map)
Shang Dynasty
Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. First historical dynasty that created writing
Manchuria
Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.
Social Themes
the way people act with each other
Dan West
a devout christian and missionary that came up with the idea behind heifer
Confucius
(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. He created Confucianism
Mandate of heaven
a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
values and norms
Values are moral beliefs and norms are how values tell us to act.
Third World
Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
Taklamakan Desert
This Desert (in China) is known for splitting the Silk Road into branches running north and south of it. It is bounded by mountain ranges. Name means "once you go in you will not come out".q
Warring States Era
A period of time in which several kingdoms were constantly fighting for power in China. - Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism were political philosophies that emerged during this period
communal bonds
bonds formed within communities through volunteer work and social capital
Hans Rosling
mastermind behind gapminder, an optimist, who came up with graphs that help us understand how total fertility has gone down in places all over the world, predicts by 2050 we will have about nine billion people
Li
Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.
Zhou Dynasty
A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty. They created the mandate of heaven.
Daoism
A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature. Believes that order cannot be achieved by humans and it is best to just do nothing (wu-wei) and go with the flow
Tibetan Plateau
region of China called the "Roof of the World", is very rocky, is surrounded by mountain ranges, and is located in the Himalayan Mt. Range
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
First World
the largely democratic and free-market states of the United States and Western Europe (Cold War to today)
Communal Trust
trust within communities that comes from volunteer work and social capital
Xia Dynasty
A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 BCE
Communal Cooperation
people working together as a community to make it better, while developing social capital
Da Ji
the fictional wife of emperor cho who was believed to have caused great chaos, signifying the end of the Shang dynasty
Mongolian Steppes
grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes
Laws of supply and demand
basic principles that regulate the economic market and influence the price of a good
5 relationships
ruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend (Confucianism)
Southern Hills (china)
southern part of china (see notes for map)
Son of Heaven
Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth.
Yellow River
Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley.
Pan Gu
the first living being and the creator of all in some versions of Chinese mythology
Junzi
The personality ideal in Confucianism; the noble person
Ren
An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.
Xiao
filial piety, the virtue of reverence and respect for family (Confucianism)
Duke of Zhou
This person takes over the throne after King Wu dies, because King Wu's son is too young to take over. This person is known as a "paragon of virtue".
World Demographics
the world's population concentration in certain areas compared to the fertility rate
100 schools
new philosophies that attempted to find ways to bring peace and stability (among these were Legalism, Daoism, & Confucianism)
Sichuan
After conquering this province the Qin controlled two of the most fertile regions of ancient China
Yellow Emperor
The last of the Lords of Man; a Chinese cultural hero.
Reciprocity
the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
Emperor Cho
last emperor of the Shang dynasty: believed by the Zhou to have had a wife named Da Ji who caused great chaos
7m's
meat, muscle, milk, manure, material, money, motivation; what people can get out of a cow instead of just being given milk:: heifer international
Dynastic Cycle
the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties (see notes)
Lao Tzu
Chinese philosopher; taught about Daoism (following the way of nature) and yin/yang
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. SOFT POWER
Oracle Bones
The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. They were used for tea until found by a historian, though most are destroyed.
Cultural Themes
the way people talk about how they act with each other
yellow sea
Separates Korean Peninsula and China, Yellow river runs into it
Nu Wa
The goddess that separated the heaven and earth with stone and created man, rich and poor.
Section 4
(50 cards)
Hindu Kush Mountains
a mountain range extending west of the Himalayas,, the location of the khyber pass (notes for map)
Wu Wei
In Daoism, "not doing" in the sense of taking no action contrary to the natural flow
Indo-European
relating to the family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India (ARYANS)
Caste
The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
Harappan Civilization
Another name for the indus valley civilization that arose along the indus river, possibly as early as 7000 BC; characterized by sophisticated city planning
Deccan Plain
large, flat mountains. Place of great agriculture. (notes for map)
Ghats
Mountains in the East and west of the Deccan Plateau (notes for map)
Vedas
Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. Earliest known sacred texts of Hinduism.
Brahman
A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything
Neo-Babylonians
Conquered the Assyrians. Second wave of Babyolonian rule. They were led by Nebuchadnezzar II, who diffused culture, causing a golden age. (HARD POWER, BUT SOFTER THAN ASSYRIANS)
Dravidian Culture
the culture of the original Indians,, not much evidence is there
Samsara
the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism
Trimurti
"Three forms" of the divine; the three gods Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), and Shiva (destroyer)
Hard power
the use of harsh punishments and threats to get people to do what you want (LEGALISM, ASSYRIANS)
Daodejing
The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.
Indus River Valley
A valley and early civilization along the Indus River, one of the longest rivers in the world. (notes for map)
China
A country on the Asian continent named after one of its dynasties, the Qin, who were the first centralizers after the warring states era
Bhagavad Gita
The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. End of Mahabharata
Aryan Culture
Demise of first culture - not highly organized (pastoral nomads) - horses & chariots - bronze: invasion theory - language: "Sanskrit" - "well formed" > Hinduism - didn't leave much evidence - brought different gods & rituals
Niniveh
Capital city of the Assyrian Empire
Han dynasty
(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity
Soft power
power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action (CONFUCIANISM, PERSIANS)
Hanging gardens
One of the 7 wonders of the Ancient World. Nebuchadnezzar built these for his wife in the grand palace. Technically a ziggurat (architecturally)
Ganges
a river in India that flows into the Bay of Bengal; in Hinduism, it is known as a sacred river (notes for map)
Admonitions for women
written by ban zhao, it emphasizes humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as virtues most appropriate for women (SOFT POWER that oppresses women but they believe in it because of confucianism)
Khyber Pass
The Khyber Pass is the only route into the Indian Subcontinent from the north which has been the invasion route of conquerors throughout South Asia's history. It is the only way to get into India on foot (through Hindu Kush) (notes for map)
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Phoenicians
located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
`Nebuchadnezzar
the ruler of the Neo-Babylonian empire who built the hanging gardens for his wife to remember her home by; used hard power but not as controlling or effective as the Assyrians
Liu Bang
First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.
Upanishads
A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.
Shi Huangdi
Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. Used legalism (HARD POWER)
Rajasthan
Northern Indian state bordering Pakistan (notes for map)
Legalism
A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. HARD POWER
Mahabharata
the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC
Prakit
Daily-use spoken language of the early Aryans.
Himalayas
The world's highest mountain range, forming the northern border of the Indian subcontinent. Tallest mountains in the world. (notes for map)
Judaism
A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.
Ashurbanipal
An Assyrian king who told people to bring back writings and collected about 20,000 cuniform tablets were now found form him. Made a huge library in Nineveh
Varna
The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.
Qin Dynasty
(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.
Sanskrit
(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism),, written language of the Aryans
Epic
A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society (MAHABHARATA, ILLIAD, ODYSSEY)
Atman
in Hindu belief, a person's essential self, just a part of brahma that we think is separate
Aryan Migration
A large group of speakers of Indo-European languages who migrated across Europe and Asia. They brought their own language and ideas to the Dravidians (natives) and took over, establishing hinduism which led to the caste system
Mohenjo Daro
Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system.
Assyrians
Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to central Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire. Made plaques to put outside of conquered villages to humiliate the conquered people; ripped people's tongues out by the root (HARD POWER)
Karma
The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.
Indra
Aryan god of war
Sri Lanka
an island off the coast of India, thought to be where Rama killed Ravana in the ramayana
Section 5
(14 cards)