Section 1
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cloning through DNA technology is most similar to sexual reproduction stem cells' replacement of faulty cells asexual reproduction meiosis mate selection
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Section 1
(50 cards)
cloning through DNA technology is most similar to sexual reproduction stem cells' replacement of faulty cells asexual reproduction meiosis mate selection
asexual reproduction
use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p+q=1 and p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, then what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant? 0.04 0.64 0.32 0.40 0.16
0.64
DNA probes are typically labeled with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag to locate a specific target allele within the genome after building
true
gene therapy might someday be used to treat many genetic disorders by removing faulty genes from somatic cells and replacing them with functional gene copies
true
electrophoresis is used in DNA sequencing to mutate DNA to remove DNA from an organism to make copies of the DNA fragments to separate the DNA fragments to transfer DNA between organisms
to separate the DNA fragments
growth of _____ does not include turning off genes bacterial cells stem cells red blood cells cardiac tissue all answers are correct
stem cells
a discontinues or shortened line in an evolutionary tree indicates gradualism convergent evolution temporal isolation punctuated equilibrium extinction
extinction
what are the possible effects of gene doping? make athletes better competitors encode for new or moe proteins than previously existed in the cell boost the production of erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production result in negative effects in the body all answers are correct
all answers are correct
historically fisherman kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish. Over time the average size of the fish would increase by natural selection remain unchanged decrease by natural selection decrease by genetic drift increase by genetic drift
decrease by natural selection
if a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed heterologous homeotic vestigial analogous homologous
vestigial
if the gene for a genetic disorder has the DNA sequence AATCGACTACCGTA, then the DNA probe has the sequence AATCGACTACCGTA UUAGCUGACGGCAU AAUCGACUACCGUA TTAGCTGATGGCAT
TTAGCTGATGGCAT
the impact of a large meteorite with Earth would have most likely caused mass extinctions by destroying only plant life causing a great prolonged ride in the earth's temperature only creating large could of dust that blocked out sunlight, thus destroying plant life causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature, thus destroying plant life creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight only
creating large could of dust that blocked out sunlight, thus destroying plant life
ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to _____ for giraffes with longer necks stabilizing selection disruptive selection sexual selection directional selection artificial selection
directional selection
if you were at an historical site, and you found a case with a book marked " Author's original copy" and the book was called On the origin of species by Means of Natural Selection you would be in the home of Georges Buffon Charles Darwin Jean Lamarck Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Lyell
Charles Darwin
evolution must include a change in the genes of an individual the dominant phenotype the recessive phenotype the percentage of individuals in a population with the dominant phenotype the gene pool of a population
the gene pool of a population
use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, then what percent of the population will be heterozygous? 0.40 0.32 0.04 0.64 0.16
0.32
biologists divide mechanisms of reproductive isolation into sexual and geographic sexual and postzygotic prezygotic and sexual postzygotic and geographic prezygotic and postzygotic
postzygotic and geographic
an example of polyploidy is found in a plant having an abnormal number of one particular chromosome three or more chromosomes an abnormal number of two or more individual chromosomes three or more sets of chromosomes only one set of chromosomes
three or more sets of chromosomes
if you saw two populations of a species of snail, separated by a water-filled valley that they could not cross, you might eventually expect to see speciation due to hybrid inviability habitat isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation behavioral isolation
habitat isolation
today, 40%of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one
true
which of the following is used to replace faulty DNA by introducing alleles from a normal or healthy individual? a somatic cell nuclear transfer gene therapy genetic testing preimplantation genetic diagnosis all answers are correct
gene therapy
in cloning of the sheep Dolly, a nucleus was implanted into an egg that had its nucleus removed. the result of this somatic cell nuclear transfer was a(n) _______ egg. recombinant haploid unfertilized diploid tetraploid
diploid
genetic testing may lead o ethical issues, such as whether results should be used to determine who receives health insurance
true
the few ancestors of the Galapagos finches who colonized the islands is an example of artificial selection founder effect a bottleneck increased mutation rate natural selection
founder effect
a transgenic organism is an organism that receives all of its genes from only a single paren
false
transfer of transgenes from crop plants to wild relatives can render chemicals like glyphosate useless
true
the Taq ____ enzyme is used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because it remains stable at high temperatures cytoskeleton RNA polymerase DNA polymerase ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primate
DNA polymerase
in the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p+q=1, p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if two or moe genes are needed to express a trait only one allele exists for that gene only two allele exists for that gene two or more alleles exist for that gene the trait is polygenic
two or more alleles exist for that gene
the geologist who suggested that natural processes are slow and steady and that the Earth is much older than 6,000 years was Charles Darwin Georges Buffon Charles Lyell Alfred Russel Wallace Jean Lamarck
Charles Lyell
a gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as special creation natural selection descent with modification uniformitarianism fossils
descent with modification
bacteria cannot be classified using the biological definition of a species for which reason? bacteria do not evolve the DNA sequences of all bacteria are more than 97% identical bacteria cannot reproduce bacteria are asexual bacteria are present everywhere and cannot be reproductively isolated from other bacteria
bacteria are asexual
the type of reproductive isolation in which offspring are infertile because their chromosomes cannot align correctly during meiosis because of a different number of chromosomes being inherited from the two parents is hybrid inviability mechanical isolation temporal isolation hybrid infertility gametic isolation
hybrid infertility
phylogenetic is (are) inherited attributes species unrelated and used for comparison the study of evolutionary relationships among species the science of describing, naming, and classifying species features only found in living species
the study of evolutionary relationships among species
two species of finches found on the same Galapagos island but feeding on different food sources is an example of _______ speciation. sympatric postzygotic outgroup allopatric per zygotic
sympatric
which of the following is used to detect the presence of specific genetic disorders in fetuses, newborns, children, and adults? preimplantation genetic diagnosis somatic cell nuclear transfer gene therapy genetic testing all answers are correct
genetic testing
stem cell technology has the potential to replace damaged cells after an injury replace absent or incorrect cells resulting from a genetic disease produce any type of cell in the body replace absent or incorrect cells resulting from a non genetic diseases all answers are correct
all answers are correct
genetic change in a population through multiple generations defines which of the following? genotype heredity evolution phenotype mitosis
evolution
an organism that receives recombinant DNA is a new species is sterile will develop cancer has a genetic disease is a transgenic organism
is a transgenic organism
Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean. The landmass is named Ultima Continenta Pangaea Laurasia Gondwana Panthalassa
Pangaea
the entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's gene pool phenotype recessive traits genotype dominant traits
gene pool
if an environment changes rapidly, organisms with _________ will be more likely to survive and reproduce the ability to adapt their genotype the ability to produce beneficial mutations existing beneficial mutations the correct allele frequency existing natural mutations
existing beneficial mutations
the mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is stabilizing selection artificial selection directional selection uniformitarianism disruptive selection
disruptive selection
birds use specific songs, coloring, and mating dances to attract mates of their species. This is an example of _______ reproductive isolation sympatric pre zygotic allopatric post zygotic outgroup
pre zygotic
the bottleneck effect occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loos of genetic diversity occurs when many members of a population reproduce, causing too much genetic diversity within the population does not occur in nature occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves
occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loos of genetic diversity
babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high with weight. Together this leads to _______ for babies of average birth weight directional selection sexual selection disruptive selection artificial selection stabilizing selection
stabilizing selection
which of the following is an example of macroevolution? antibiotic resistance in S. aureus giraffes with longer necks reaching higher tree branches female cardinals preferring males with bright red feathers the origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestor the beaks of cactus finches changing in size in response to a drought on the Galapagos islands
the origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestor
Darwin obtained which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus? organisms are varied and some variations are inherited species do not change over time populations grow constantly more individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce an individual's chance of survival is random
more individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce
the observation that most aquatic animals, like fish, penguins, and whales, all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of artificial selection sexual selection convergent evolution analogous selection vestigial selection
convergent evolution
the number of differences between cytochrome c of humans and cytochrome c of other organisms is as follows: Rhesus monkey- 1 difference; pigeon- 12 differences; fruit fly- 24 differences. The order in which these species are most similar to humans is Rhesus monkey, fruit fly, pigeon Rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly fruit fly, pigeon, Rhesus monkey pigeon, Rhesus monkey, fruit fly pigeon, fruit fly, Rhesus monkey
Rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly
the frequency of the sickle cell allele is kept up by the heterozygote advantage under natural selection
true
Section 2
(50 cards)
The three types of natural selection are
directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection.
in a population of 200 mice, 168 mice are black and 32 mice are white. 96 of the black mice are heterozygous for the color trait. What is the frequency of the ball allele in the population? (assume simple dominance/recessiveness of a single gene with two alleles for the fur color trait)
0.6 in the population of mice, there are 72 individuals with two black dominant alleles (168-96). Thus, the number of black alleles is (72x2)=96 alleles from the heterozygotes= 240 black alleles. Because there are 200 individuals in the population, there are 400 total alleles for the fur color gene. Thus the frequency of the black allele = 240 alleles/400 alleles total= 0.6
The Taq ________ enzyme is used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because it remains stable at high temperatures
DNA polymerase
an organism that receives recombinant DNA
is a transgenic organism
The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is
stabilizing selection.
the idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is gradualism temporal change hybrid breakdown mechanical isolation punctuates equilibrium
punctuates equilibrium
the wings of a bat and a bird are examples of heterologous structures homologous structures vestigial structures homeotic structures analogous structures
homologous structures
the geologist who suggested that natural processes are slow and steady and that the Earth is much older than 6,000 years old
Charles Lyell
the more heritable traits organisms share, the more taxonomic levels they share true false
true
in the section "investigating life: what makes us human?", the scientists questioned what
genetically differentiates humans from our closest relatives
the data from embryos can be used to help establish evolutionary relationships true false
true
a gene that when mutates leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places is termed parsimonious homeotic vestigial homologous dominant
homeotic
the sequence of eras beginning with he earliest ear and preceding forward to the most recent ear in the geologic time scale is Archean- Mesozoic- Cenozoic Archean- Paleozoic- Proterozoic Cenozoic- Archean- Mesozoic Mesozoic- Cenozoic- Paleozoic Paleozoic- Mesozoic- Cenozoic
Paleozoic- Mesozoic- Cenozoic
the wings of a bat and an insect are examples of homeotic structures homologous structures vestigial structures analogous structures heterologous structures
analogous structures
classify the statements below as relating to preimplantation genetic diagnosis uses DNA probes replaces faulty genes tests for genetic sequences in developed individuals tests for genetic sequences in embryos uses DNA from multiple species uses viruses
tests for genetic sequences in embryos uses DNA probes
Genetic testing uses DNA probes replaces faulty genes tests for genetic sequences in developed individuals tests for genetic sequences in embryos uses DNA from multiple species uses viruses
tests for genetic sequences in developed individuals uses DNA probes
Ancestors of the Galapagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small, and required small beaks to handle. Other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to ____ among the Galapagos finches.
disruptive selection
Elements smallest to largest gene genome plasmid adenine chromosome
adenine gene plasmid chromosome genome
if many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years, approximately how many years have passed since the two species diverged? 200,000 3 million 5 million 10 million 20 million
5 million
The bottleneck effect
occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
what is the most inclusive level of the hierarchical classification scheme? phylum kingdom domain genus species
domain
antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because antibiotics are used in feed for livestock antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients) some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle, chickens, and other animals used for agricultural purposes all answers are correct
all answers are correct
the scientist given credit for devising the two-word naming system of all living organisms is Greg Mendel Aristotle Carolus Linnaeus Charles Darwin Louis Pasteur
Carolus Linnaeus
in the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p + q =1, p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if
only two alleles exist for that gene
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, 2pq represents
the frequency of heterozygous individual
a population decines when
death rate exceeds reproductive rate
what was hypothesized about the loss of legs in modern-day snakes? snakes descended from land-dwelling ancestors snakes descended only from marine lizards some extant snakes have forelimbs or hind limbs snakes descended only from burrowing lizards on land snakes do not have forelimbs or hind limbs
snakes descended from land-dwelling ancestors
PCR steps in order isolate target DNA sequence and put it with other ingredients in test tube raise the temperature and then lower it again to replicate more strands heat resistant DNA polymerase replicates DNA lower the temperature so that primers that you added in step 1 will attach to DNA raise the temperature until hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break
isolate target DNA sequence and put it with other ingredients in test tube raise the temperature until hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break lower the temperature so that primers that you added in step 1 will attach to DNA heat resistant DNA polymerase replicates DNA raise the temperature and then lower it again to replicate more strands
Stem cells specialized, in most cases unspecialized number of divisions is limited totipotent more common early in development than late in development
unspecialized totipotent more common early in development than late in development
the entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's
gene pool
which of the following is not an ethical issue surrounding the use of DNA technology in human medicine? may reduce human suffering through elimination of genetic disorders cost may limit use to only wealthy people errors con be made that lead to damaging or erroneous treatments may result in quest for perfection that leads to unhealthy practices
may reduce human suffering through elimination of genetic disorders
carbon-14 is useful in determining the age of a fossil up to about 40,000 years ago 50,000 years ago 100,000 years ago 20,000 years ago 10,000 years ago
40,000 years ago
put the labels in the correct sequence to describe how researchers create a transgenic plant insert recombinant plasmid into bacterium bacterium inserts recombinant plasmid into plant cell DNA use restriction enzymes to create recombinant plasmid DNA replication and cell division within plant cells produce multiple copies of recombinant DNA infect plant cells with transgenic bacterium
use restriction enzymes to create recombinant plasmid bacterium inserts recombinant plasmid into plant cell DNA DNA replication and cell division within plant cells produce multiple copies of recombinant DNA infect plant cells with transgenic bacterium insert recombinant plasmid into bacterium
tortoises colonizing the different Galapagos islands and evolving into different species is an example of _______ speciation. prezygotic outgroup allopatric sympatric post zygotic
allopatric
True statements about DNA proteins can be injected into cells to encode damaged DNA sequences DNA ecodes proteins Scientists use DNA sequences to determine guilt in legal cases Doctors analyze DNA sequences to screen for diseases Each person inherits DNA from two parents
DNA sequences DNA ecodes proteins Scientists use DNA sequences to determine guilt in legal cases Doctors analyze DNA sequences to screen for diseases Each person inherits DNA from two parents
you are studying two populations of dung beetles, one of which rolls their dung balls at noon, resting at night, and the other of which reverses this. These could speciate due to gametic isolation sexual selection behavioral isolation mechanical isolation temporal isolation
temporal isolation
the fossil record is often incomplete, in part because scientists will never be able to discover some of the fossils that are buried deep in the earth and in part because some living things fossilize more readily than others true false
true
what is needed to estimate species relatedness with a molecular clock? DNA which accumulate mutations at a regular rate the number of differences in DNA sequences for a gene in two species the same gene identified in two species known mutation rate for a gene all answers are correct
all answers are correct
DNA technology is used to copy DNA sequence DNA nucleotides search for specific genetic sequences of DNA turn genes on and off all answers are correct
all answers are correct
a gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as
decent with modification
gene therapy uses DNA probes replaces faulty genes tests for genetic sequences in developed individuals tests for genetic sequences in embryos uses DNA from multiple species uses viruses
replaces faulty genes uses viruses
Probe sequence CATGCACATACA
GTCGTGTATGT
absolute dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is depth within rock layers structural features a molecular clock radioactive isotopes embryonic structures
radioactive isotopes
Differentiated cells specialized, in most cases unspecialized number of divisions is limited totipotent more common early in development than late in development
number of divisions is limited specialized, in most cases
sequences of a few nucleotides that vary in number or repeats and are used in DNA profiling are called
STR's
select the answers that correctly pair the person with his idea, AND that support Darwin's hypotheses about the diversity of life Lamarck's evolutionary theory Malthus' idea on limited resources Lyell's natural selection Wallace's natural selection
Lamarck's evolutionary theory Wallace's natural selection
if a sheep and a goat are mated, their offspring dies as an embryo. This is an example of ________ reproductive isolation sympatric pre zygotic outgroup post zygotic allopatric
post zygotic
A population contains an equal number of large-beaked and small-beaked finches. If natural selection results in 85% of the birds with small beaks, dying, what percentage of the population is now composed of large-beaked birds?
87% If there are 100 large-beaked birds and 100 small-beaked birds, and 85 small-beaked birds die, the remaining population will have 100 large-beaked birds and 15 small-beaked birds. The percentage of the population composed of large-beaked birds is 100/115 or 87%.
if you were looking for a time line of Earth's history, you would need one spanning about 4.6 billion years true false
true
centimeter-thin layers of earth that are rich in iridium give evidence to support the impact theory gradualism theory punctuated equilibrium theory ecological isolation theory allopatric theory
impact theory
Section 3
(45 cards)