Section 1
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Last updated
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Date created
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Cards (116)
Section 1
(50 cards)
cones
receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in color
blind spot
the point on the retina where the axons of all ganglion cells leave the eye and where there are no receptors
overtones
tones that result from sound waves that are multiples of the basic tone; primary determinant of timbre
brightness
the nearness of a color to white as opposed to black
sensation
the experience of sensory stimulation
ganglion cells
neurons that connect the bipolar cells in the eyes to the brain
amplitude
physical height of a sound wave, tells how much energy it contains, loudness
transduction
sensory organs recieving stimuli are transformed into neural impulses; these impulses travel to the thalamus then onto different cortices of the brain
light adaptation
decreased sensitivity of rods and cones in bright light
monochromats
people who are totally color blind
dichromats
people who are blind to either red-green or yellow-blue
hearing
the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived
difference threshold or just noticeable difference
the smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected half the time
optic chiasm
part near the base of the brain where some fibers in the optic nerve from each eye cross to the other side of the brain
subliminal messaging
stimuli below our absolute threshold that can affect our behavior in subtle ways
hertz
Unit of measurement for frequency
iris
the colored part of the eye that regulates the size of the pupil
Wavelengths
the different energies represented in the electromagnetic spectrum
absolute threshold
the least amount of energy that can be detected as a stimulation 50% of the time
decibel
the unit of measurement for amplitude
cornea
the transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye
additive color mixing
the process of mixing lights of different wavelengths to create new hues
receptor cell
a specialized cell that responds to a particular type of energy
subtractive color mixing
the process of mixing pigments, each of which absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects others
sound waves
waves created by vibrations that travel through the air
pupil
a small opening in the iris through which light enters they eye
lateral geniculate nucleus
region of thalamus that recieves impulses from the optic nerve and then are sent to visual cortices located in the occipital lobe
fovea
the area of the retina that is the center of the visual field
Frequency
number of waves per second
trichromats
people who have normal color vision
pitch
higher or lower tones of sound
trichromatic theory
the theory of color vision that holds that all color perception derives from three different color receptors in the retina
perception
The process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information
hue
the aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue
optic nerve
the bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries neural messages from each eye to the brain
dark adaptation
increased sensitivity of rods and cones in darkness
Afterimage
sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed
cocktail party phenomenon
attention will be diverted involuntarily if you are talking with a friend and someone across the room says your name or is talking about a topic of interest to you
opponent-process theory
theory of color vision that holds that three sets of color receptors (yellow-blue, red-green, black-white) respond to determine the color you experience
visual acuity
the ability to distinguish fine details visually
adaptation
an adjustment of the senses to the level of stimulation they are receiving
weber's law
principle that the just noticeable diffference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations
lens
the transparent part of the eye behind the pupil that focuses light onto the retina
saturation
wideness or richness of a hue
bipolar cells
neurons that have only one axon and one dendrite; in the eye, these neurons connect the receptors on the retina to the ganglion cells
light
The small segment of the electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes are sensitive
colorblindness
partial or total inability to perceive hues
retina
the lining of the eye containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light
rods
receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light
sound
a psychological experience created by the brain in response to changes in air pressure that are received by the auditory system
Section 2
(50 cards)
vomeronasal organ
a patch of sensory cells that detect heavy, moisturebourne odor particles
semicircular canals
canals in the innger ear that give the brain feedback about body orientation
cochlea
snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid
pheromone
an airborne chemical signal from mammals
top-down processing
we perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense
gestalt theory
perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts
conduction deafness
occurs when something goes wrong with the system of conducting the sound to the cochlea
false negative
not perceiving a stimulus that is present
Golgi tendon organs
receptors that sense movement of the tendons, which connect muscle to bone
basilar membrane
vibrating membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; it contains sense receptors for sound
cochlear implants
a device that delivers microelectrodes directly to the auditory nerve
eardrum
tympanis membrande, thin membrane that vibrates as the sound waves hit it
organ of corti
neurons activated by the movement of hair cells
signal detection theory
the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception of stimuli
papillase
the bumps on your tounge, where taste buds are located
kinesthetic sensation
the sense of body movement and positioning
olfactory epithelium
nasal membranes containing receptor cells sensitive to odors
stretch receptors
receptors in our muscles and joints that send info to our brain about our limbs
schemata
mental representations of how we expect the world to be
hair cells
Receptor cells within the cochlea that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses
false positive
when we think we perceive a stimulus that is not there
taste buds
the receptor cells on the tongue
auditory canal
passage from outside to eardrum
bottom-up processing
organizing perceptions by beginning with low-level features
paradoxical heat
touching a warm pipe & cold pipe at the same time causes 2 sets of skin receptors to signal at once to the brain; the brain reads their combined pattern of firing as "hot"
perceptual constancy
the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite environmental changes
shape constancy
the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image
color constancy
the perceived color of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
figure-ground relationship
part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground)
vestibular sacs
sacs in the inner ear that sense gravitation and forward, backward, and vertical movement
proximity
objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
oval window and round window
membrane between the middle ear and inner ear that equalizes pressure in the inner ear
timbre
the quality or texture of sound; caused by overtones
cutaneous sensations
any sensation experienced through the skin (touch, pressure, temp, pain)
frequency theory
Holds that tones up to 4,000 hertz are converted to nerve impulses that match the frequency of each tone.
size constancy
the perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
olfactory bulb
Gathers the messages from the olfactory receptor cells and sends the information to the brain.
volley principle
receptors in the ear fire in sequence so the complete pattern of firing corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave
auditory nerve
the bundle of axons that carries signals from each ear to the brain
gate-control theory
some pain messages have a higher priority than others
nerve deafness
when the hair cells are damaged, usually by loud noise
perceptual set
a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way
closure
objects that make up a recognizable image are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group even if the image contains gaps that the mind needs to fill in
vestibular sensation
tells us about how our body is orientated in space
hammer, anvil, stirrup
the three small bones in the middle ear that relay vibrations of the eardrum to the inner ear
place theory
Theory that higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea
tinnitus
ringing in the ears experienced in the absence of any external stimulus
similarity
Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.
continuity
objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
response criteria
how motivated we are to detect certain stimuli and what we expect to perceive
Section 3
(16 cards)