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A petition from the Merchants, Traders, Manufacturers and other citizens of Bristol to George III; c.1775

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Section 1

(41 cards)

A petition from the Merchants, Traders, Manufacturers and other citizens of Bristol to George III; c.1775

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Burgoyne then suffered defeat in Bennington, Vermont, and bloody draws at Bemis Heights, New York. On October 17, 1777, a frustrated Burgoyne retreated 10 miles and surrendered his remaining 6,000 British forces to the Patriots at Saratoga. Upon hearing of the Patriot victory, France agreed to recognize the independence of the United States. It was, of course, France's eventual support that enabled the Patriots' ultimate victory.

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Why did Paine write The Crisis?

Front

to lift troop morale during the war

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What document officially ended the Revolutionary War?

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Congress ratified preliminary articles of peace ending the Revolutionary War with Great Britain on April 15, 1783. On September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, bringing the Revolutionary War to its final conclusion.

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What year did the Revolutionary War begin? What year did the war officially end?

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The American War of Independence or Revolutionary War started in 1775 and lasted 8 long years until 1783 when it finally came to an end and the North American colonies finally gained their independence.

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Describe (places, year, etc.) General John Burgoyne's plan for ending the rebellion in the colonies. Afterwards, describe why this plan was unsuccessful and why historians have labeled Burgoyne's surrender as the turning point of the American Revolution. Your discussion should be at least five sentences with support from the textbook, your notes, or other sources.

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Burgoyne's plan revolved around an invasion of 8,000 British troops from Canada, who would move southward through New York by way of Lake Champlain and the Mohawk River, taking the Americans by surprise. General Burgoyne believed he and his troops could then take control of the Hudson River and isolate New England from the other colonies, freeing British General William Howe to attack Philadelphia.

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Describe the process that the Declaration of Independence used to break American ties with Britain. Specifically, how were the steps in the Declaration of Independence set up to be the most effective in communicating to England and the rest of the world?

Front

One 1775 letter from a group of merchants and traders in the southwestern port city of Bristol sheds light on the economic concerns provoked by the burgeoning revolution. They wrote to the king to express their concern about the "unhappily distracted empires" and urged him to give the American colonists the freedoms they wanted rather than risk a precious trading relationship.

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List the details of the Olive Branch Petition

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colonists want peace, want life to go back the way it was before all the taxes

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General Burgoyne's plan went into effect during the summer of 1777 and was initially a success—the British captured Fort Ticonderoga on June 2, 1777. However, the early success failed to lead to victory, as Burgoyne overextended his supply chain, which stretched in a long, narrow strip from the northern tip of Lake Champlain south to the northern curve of the Hudson River at Fort Edward, New York. As Burgoyne's army marched south, Patriot militia circled north, cutting the British supply line.

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For example, in March of 1775, Chevalier Renaud Boccolari—whose own homeland of France would see a massive anti-monarchical uprising just over a decade later—wrote to peers from Modena, Italy, warning of the "awful despotism [of the English king]" and the "crowd of blind and ugly [people] with whom he has shared his unjust power for some time.

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What was Nathan Hale doing when the British captured him?

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The following evening, on September 21, 1776, Hale was captured while sailing Long Island Sound, trying to cross back into American-controlled territory. ... Patriot spy Nathan Hale was hanged by the British on the morning of September 22, 1776. He was just 21 years old.

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What was the larger outcome for the Americans' victory at Saratoga?

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The Battle of Saratoga, comprising two significant battles during September and October of 1777, was a crucial victory for the Patriots during the American Revolution and is considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War. The Battle was the impetus for France to enter the war against Britain, re-invigorating Washington's Continental Army and providing much needed supplies and support.

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Whose name is synonymous with traitor in the United States?

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Benedict Arnold's name became synonymous with traitor soon after his betrayal became public. Biblical themes were often invoked; Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions".

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Other letters, however, give indications that some people had given up hope that the King would give in to the colonists' requests.

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Benedict Arnold

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American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

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What was the most important peace term that Britain had to agree to?

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The Treaty of Paris of 1783 formally ended the American Revolutionary War. American statesmen Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay negotiated the peace treaty with Great Britain. In the Treaty of Paris, the British Crown formally recognized American independence and ceded most of its territory east of the Mississippi River to the United States, doubling the size of the new nation and paving the way for westward expansion.

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How did the colonists, who were not prepared for war, defeat the greatest military power at the time to become the United States? Use specific facts and details to support your answer. Your answer must be at least five sentences with relevant information.

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Until the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, few colonists in British North America objected to their place in the British Empire. Colonists in British America reaped many benefits from the British imperial system and bore few costs for those benefits. Indeed, until the early 1760s, the British mostly left their American colonies alone. The Seven Years' War (known in America as the French and Indian War) changed everything. Although Britain eventually achieved victory over France and its allies, victory had come at great cost. A staggering war debt influenced many British policies over the next decade. Attempts to raise money by reforming colonial administration, enforcing tax laws, and placing troops in America led directly to conflict with colonists. By the mid-1770s, relations between Americans and the British administration had become strained and acrimonious.

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How did women help during the war?

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some disguised themselves as men to join the army, some became spies, some took over businesses and farms, factory work, some became teachers and nurses.

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British soldiers under Howe sent 2,400 men to attack Breed's Hill. A force of 1,500 colonists held off three British attacks, then retreated when the colonists ran out of gunpowder. 450 colonists were killed or wounded, compared to 1,150 British casualties.

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The traders warned the King that "the subsistence of a great part of your kingdom has depended very much on the Honourable and in this instance amicable behaviour of your American subjects. We have in this single city received no less than one million bushels of wheat [...]."

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What tactics did Francis Marion utilize during the war? Describe that tactic.

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General Francis Marion known as "The Swamp Fox" used sneaky guerrilla warfare and undercover tactics. Marion and his South Carolina militia used the woods and swamplands of the backcountry to raid and hide as they attacked and undid the British troops during the American War for Independence.

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"It is with an affliction not to be expressed and with the most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and our Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten, unless prevented by the timely interposition of your Majesty's Wisdom and Goodness, nothing less than a lasting and ruinous Civil War," they wrote. "We are apprehensive that if the present measures are adhered to, a total alienation of the affections of our fellow subjects in the colonies will ensue, to which affection much more than to a dread of any power, we have been hitherto indebted for the inestimable benefits which we have derived from those establishments. We can foresee no good effects to the commerce or revenues of this kingdom at a future period from any victories which may be obtained by your majesty's army over desolated provinces and [...] people."

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Benedict Arnold

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American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

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When did the Continental Congress adopt the Declaration of Independence?

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On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia in the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall), approved the Declaration of Independence

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Saul Matthews and James Armistead

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Two African Americans who were among those who served as spies for the Continental Army

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While they were confident that "none can profit by the continuance of this war," the traders remained optimistic that the Americans would stay friendly if the British adopt a more conciliatory approach, despite things having been "carried to unfortunate lengths of hostility on both sides."

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What happened at Bunker Hill?

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A redoubt, a small and usually temporary defensive fortification, was constructed on nearby Breed's Hill, probably due to its closer proximity to Boston compared to Bunker Hill. The next morning, June 17, the British were astonished to see the rebel fortifications upon the hill and set out to reclaim the peninsula. The resulting conflict was called the Battle of Bunker Hill because that is where Prescott originally intended—and was ordered—to build the fortifications. Also, some people considered Breed's Hill a part of Bunker Hill, while others called it Charlestown Hill.[3]

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A petition from the Merchants, Traders, Manufacturers and other citizens of Bristol to George III; c.1775 Nottingham University Archives

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Mary Ludwig Hays

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Patriot known for her brave service on the battlefield; nicknamed "Molly Pitcher"

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Though their optimism might seem misplaced today, at the time it wasn't completely ridiculous. After all, this was the same year that Americans' Second Continental Congress sent the crown the Olive Branch Petition, a last-ditch attempt to convince the King to back off so that the British subjects in the colonies could continue to live happily under his rule alongside their counterparts in England.

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What group of People did the words "all men are created equal" originally apply to?

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Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration states, "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness...."

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What was the larger outcome for the Patriots' victories at Trenton and Princeton?

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In the Battle of Trenton (December 26), Washington defeated a formidable garrison of Hessian mercenaries before withdrawing. A week later he returned to Trenton to lure British forces south, then executed a daring night march to capture Princeton on January 3.

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Betsy Ross

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American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836)

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Peter Salem

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Patriot who fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Battle of Saratoga

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Charles Cornwallis

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Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

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Daniel Morgan

Front

American general of Virginia who also helped turn tides against British, Won important victory at South Carolina. Did the dividing into 2 lines (front and back)-used clever tactics

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Where did the last major battle of the Revolutionary War take place?

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The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York,[a][b] ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis.

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John Burgoyne

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British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

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"[Our] fellow subjects in that part of the world are very far from having lost their affection and regard to their mother country or departed from the principles of commercial honour," they wrote.

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Why did Thomas Paine write Common Sense?

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Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775-76 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. ... Common Sense made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence, which before the pamphlet had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration.

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What did Washington decide about African Americans during the war?

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Throughout the war, Washington, the Continental Congress, and the state governments struggled with the issue of recruiting sufficient troops to carry on the fight. In 1775, Washington recommended, and the Congress agreed, that the recruitment of African Americans for service in the Continental Army be discontinued. By mid-1777, however, the attitude of colonial leaders began to change. In

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