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Biology I - Studying the Brain

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Section 1

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In regard to independent and dependent variables, what makes their relationship causal?

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (18)

Section 1

(18 cards)

In regard to independent and dependent variables, what makes their relationship causal?

Front

Change in the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable that does NOT occur without experimental intervention (i.e., the dependent variable should not change at random)

Back

In addition to ensuring a hypothesis does not ask too broad of a question, what does the FINER method of evaluating a research question entail?

Front

Feasible Interesting Novel Ethical Relevant Answering these questions may help a researcher decide how important the question is.

Back

Give the type of bias used. A physician is more likely to screen an obese patient for hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Front

Detection bias Since previous studies have indicated a correlation between these variables, the physician is more likely to "search" for the other variable (the disease in this case).

Back

In experimentation involving human subjects, what always must be obtained?

Front

Informed consent

Back

Differentiate the following studies. 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers are followed for 20 years while counting the number of cases of lung cancer. Prevalence of lung cancer in a single point in time for smokers and non-smokers. 100 patients with lung cancer and 100 without lung cancer are retroactively examined to determine past histories of smoking.

Front

Cohort Cross-sectional Case-control

Back

Studies with very LOW generalizability have what distinct feature?

Front

Very narrow conditions for sample selection that do not reflect the target population. For example, a study on psoriasis may have low generalizability if it only includes patients diagnosed within the past year instead of all time frames.

Back

In biomedical experiments, what is the purpose of randomization?

Front

This is meant to control for differences between subject groups

Back

What is the difference between a positive and negative control?

Front

Positive controls ensure a change in the dependent variable while negative controls ensure NO change in the dependent variable.

Back

In studies comparing treatment options, one cannot approach the research with the knowledge one treatment is superior to another. What is this term?

Front

Equipoise

Back

What is a method to reduce systemic error? Random error?

Front

Systemic error can be reduced with an accurate device that minimizes bias. Random error can be reduced, usually, with a large sample size.

Back

Give the type of bias used. A patient acts differently knowing that he is being observed in a clinical trial.

Front

Hawthorne effect or observation bias

Back

Beneficence, one of the four core medical ethics principles of physicians states what?

Front

There must be intent to cause a net positive change for study participants

Back

T/F Hill's criteria describe the components of an observed relationship that demonstrate causality in the relationship.

Front

F Though it can increase the likelihood of causality, it cannot demonstrate this. This is only a correlation, still.

Back

Differentiate clinical and statistical significance.

Front

Clinical is one in which there is a detectable health outcome change whereas statistical is simply mathematically significant using a statistical test (ANOVA).

Back

Without blinding, what would the placebo effect be in the treatment group? In the control group?

Front

It would be the same in the treatment group but greatly reduced in the control group

Back

What is a confounding variable?

Front

This is a variable that may be present to influence the relationship between two variables (such that there actually may be NO relationship between the two).

Back

T/F Bias is a random error that introduces imprecise data.

Front

F Bias is a systemic error that does not affect precision, more likely accuracy.

Back

What is selection bias?

Front

This is where subjects used for the study are not representative of the target population.

Back