Section 1
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Number 1 leading cause of Death in the United States
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (132)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Number 1 leading cause of Death in the United States
heart disease- 633,842 deaths
Structural disease
Involve PHYSICAL and BIOCHEMICAL changes. actual chages occur in cell. These changes may be the result of heredity disorders, inflammatory diseases, physical injury, tumors. All can cause changes in cells.
Cystic Fibrosis
production of abnormally thick mucus in the respiratory system Caused by GENETIC DEFECT, occurs 1 in every 2000 births, FAMILY HISTORY OF CF Increased sodium levels in sweat can be used to diagnose patients Treat with aerosols (bronchodilators & antibiotics) Poor prognosis - death by age 30
number 6
Alzheimers-110,000
Define Etiology
study of the cause of a disease
Define Inflammation
Another body response to injury, localizes and isolates toxic substances while destroying the organism involved.
This type of injury is assocuated with atrophy. SLOWER ONSET and is usually long lasting. Occurs after a longer period of time
Chronic injury
Define Idiopathic Disease
A disease where the cause is unknown
This type of injury has a SUDDEN ONSET and runs a SHORT severe course. Lack of oxygen, trauma, infection, hypersensitivity For example a bruise. It occurs suddenly as the result of this kind of injury
Acute Injury
Define necrosis
The death of cells. Result of acute injury.
What is a cells initial response to injury?
Degeneration
Define manifest
After injury the sequence of events that occur in the body will usually result in the disease becoming apparent
True or False The amount of cell degeneration depends on severity of injury
True
Define Atrophy
A wasting of any part of the body. Disuse atrophy. Longer it goes on the more atrophy that occurs
Define Symptoms
changes that are perceived by the patient. Headache, nausea. subjective
Define repair
the body's attempt to return to normal.
Define Transudate
Watery fluid that passes through a membrane or tissue and is due to INCREASED HYDROSTATIC or DECREASED OSMOTIC pressure in the vascular system. Low prpotein content and tend to be generalized, and quite wattery.
number 4
accidents 146,571
number 5
strokes or cerebrovascular diseases
Does fibrous or connective tissue repair have the same structure or function as the original?
No
Leukemia
cancer of blood
Define endogenous agents
include vascular insufficiency, immune reactions, changes in metabolism
What type of tissue repair is known as scarring or fibrosis?
Connective tissue repair
What are the 4 types of cancer?
Carcinoma Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma
Define Signs
abnormal changes that are interpreted by the physician or health professional. Lung or heart sounds objective
Define Exogenous agents.
include trauma, chemical injury, microbial infection (viral and bacterial infections)
Wattery protein poor fluid that develops in the lungs as a result of congestive heart failure is an example of an
transdate
Define Pathology
study of diseases that cause abnormalities in the structure or function of organ systems
Define benign tumor
is the least serious and seldom lethal. It CAN be fatal if it invades areas of the brain and destroys those areas.
Cloudy, thick, protein rich fluid that develops as the result of a burn is an example of an
exudate
Degeneration
is the initial cell response to injury. The amount of cell degeneration depends on severity of injury.
Lymphoma
cancer of lymphatic system
Define Hyperplasia
is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue and is an exaggerated response to various stimuli. i.e (the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells) Usually receded when the cause of hyperplasia is identified. It will usually go away. Cysts or goiters
Define malignant tumor
or cancer is uncontrolled in its growth. It invades adjacent areas and spreads through the body, blood stream, lyymphatic system
Growth disturbances
are any type of lesion or tissue mass that is characterized by the proliferation (increase in number) of cells. The greater the rate of proliferation or reproductive ability of a cell, the greater the disease potential
Carcinoma
originates in EPITHELIAL tissue
Define acute injury
an injury that occurs suddenly during activity, often a sprain or strain.
The five leading causes of death account for 75% of deaths in the United States.
Number 1 - heart disease- 633,842 deaths Number 2- cancer 595,930 Number 3- COPD 155,041 Number 4- accidents 146,571 Number 5- strokes or cerebrovascular diseases Number 6- Alzheimers-110,000
Sarcoma
cancer of connective tissue
Define Functional Diseases
Any disease that has no lesion. So no cellular changes. mental illness, spastic colon, tension headaches, (real diseases but no actual changes occur in cells) i.e. medical condition that impairs normal functioning of bodily processes that remains largely undetected under examination
number 3
COPD 155,041
Define Lesion
any type of cellular changes. If lesion is present a cellular change has occurred
True or False The greater the rate of proliferation of a cell, the greater the disease potential
True
number 1
heart disease- 633,842 deaths
number 2
cancer 595,930
Define Exudates
Exudates are a cloudy, thick, PROTEIN RICH fluid. Associated with certain types of injury like burns. Fluid that develops around the burn
What 2 agents cause structural changes?
Structural changes are started by two types of agents - exogenous and endogenous
Define Regeneration
is the replacement of dead tissue with new tissue that is identical in structure and function as the original.
Define Disease
pattern of response the body makes to some form of injury
Define Neoplasm
Abnormal proliferation of cells (increase in number) that are no longer controlled by the factors of growth that normal cells are. i.e a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Cholecystitis/cholelithiasis:
inflammation of gallbladder/gallstones Etiology: cystic duct is obstructed by MUCUS or STONES causing bile to back up and irritate the wall Signs and symptoms: belching, heartburn, increased fullness after eating, WORSE AFTER A MEAL HIGH IN FAT Diagnosis: cholecystogram or ultrasound Treatment: diet or surgical removal or gallbladder
One way Cystic Fibrosis can be diagnosed
Increased sodium levels in sweat
Asthma:
Spasmodic constriction of the bronchi. Etiology: extrinsic (such as pollen, dust, air pollutants, animal dander) is usually due to an allergic reaction. Allergic sensitivity = 50%. Intrinsic (such as tonsillitis, adenoids, or sinus infection) occurs secondary to existing bronchial infections. Mixed is a combination of the two. Signs & Symptoms: Recurrent dyspnea with wheezing, difficulty with expiration. Diagnosis: chest x-ray - Sometimes. During attack may have lung hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm. Recurrent attacks = mucus lines bronchi, which can lead to atelectasis. Treatment: Bronchodilators, antihistamines, oxygen. If allergic reaction, patient needs to know what it is and avoid it and know how stress affects their asthma.
Achalasia:
gastroesophageal sphincter (esophagus into stomach) fails to relax, causing an obstruction Etiology: unknown Signs and Symptoms: progressive dysphagia, feeling of being full Diagnosis: barium swallow, tapered narrowing of distal esophagus Treatment: low-bulk, bland diet, chew food thoroughly
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
SUDDEN respiratory failure due to the inability of the alveolar capillaries to exchange air and gases Can be caused by acute alveolar injuries such as toxic inhalation, septic shock, near drownings, severe burn cases, and post surgery patients. -radiographs show wide spread fluid consolidation of the lungs.
Hepatitis B is more common in
drug users and homosexuals
What type of radiographs should be taken to demonstrate a pleural effusion
Chest x-rays and a lateral decubitus chest. Doing a lateral decubitus helps differentiate from other respiratory diseases/pathologies.
Bifid collecting System
duplication of the renal collecting system, can involve the renal pelvis or the ureters, MOST FREQUENT ANOMALY Etiology: congenital Signs and Symptoms: NO signs and symptoms Diagnosis:IVP Treatment: none needed, unless there is an infection
Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis
- a pouch or sac-like herniation of the mucous membrane lining through a defect in the muscular wall of the LARGE bowel. If it becomes inflamed, it is diverticulitis. Etiology - a low-fiber diet leads to a weakening of the bowel wall, causing diverticulosis. The accumulation of feces in the pouches results in diverticulitis. Signs & Symptoms- hemorrhage, pain in abdomen, constipation or diarrhea. Diagnosis- BE Treatment - diverticulosis - none; diverticulitis - high residue diet, antibiotics, antispasmodics, surgery if necessary.
Most common site for duodenal ulcer is
In the bulb
Polycystic Kidneys
INHERITED DISEASE; multiple cysts in the kidneys causing impairment of renal function Etiology: GENETIC DEFECT Signs and symptoms: ASYMPTOMATIC FOR 30-50 YEARS, lower abdominal pain, and blood in urine. As patient ages the cysts enlarge causing compression of tissue which may cause ischemia (inadequate blood supply) Diagnosis: IVP, CT, retrograde pyelogram, MRI, ultrasound Treatment: no cure
Most common site for gastric ulcer is
lesser curvature
What positions allow better visualization of esophageal varicies?
Valsalva maneuver
Cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by diffuse destruction of hepatocytes WITH FIBROTIC REGENERATION (scar tissue) MORE COMMON IN MEN most of the liver damage is the result of malnutrition; biliary cirrhosis is the result of any disease that reduces or blocks the flow of bile through the ducts; Prognosis- is poor. Many die within 5 years
Hiatal hernia
herniation of the stomach through the cardiac sphincter Etiology: can be congenital or acquired Signs and symptoms: gastric reflux, heartburn, feeling of being full Diagnosis: UGI, TRENDELENBURG and VALSALVA MANEUVER to visualize herniation Treatment: avoid spicy foods, remain erect after meals, head elevated while sleeping
Ureterocele
herniation of DISTAL ureter into the bladder (obstruction) Congenital stenosis of URETEROVESICAL JUNCTION Obstruction causes pain and hematuria IVP for diagnosis Surgical removal of distal ureter
NephroCALCinosis:
NOT KIDNEY STONES irregular deposits of CALCIUM in the KIDNEY TISSUE. Etiology: OCCURS AS A RESULT OF ANOTHER DISEASE THAT CAUSE A DISTURBANCE IN CALCIUM METABOLISM Signs and symptoms: pain, blood in urine Diagnosis: Abdomen xray, IVP Treatment: high fluid intake, identifying the underlying disease and treat that
Which hepatitis type is often referred to as serum hepatitis and has a more GRADUAL ONSET and a HIGHER MORTALITY RATE
Hepatitis Type B
Esophageal varices
dilated, tortuous veins of the distal esophagus -Result of increased pressure in portal venous system -Diagnosis: abdomen series, barium swallow, endoscopy, WAVE LIKE APPEARANCE, Valsalva maneuver to visualize better reatment: VASSOPRESSIN to contract the vessels and reduce hemorrhaging, surgical bypass surgery to redirect blood flow and DECREASE VENOUS PRSSURE (less venous pressure means veins wont be as enlarged
Esophageal diverticula
-outpouchings of esophageal wall -Diagnosed by barium swallow Signs and symptoms: asymptomatic at first, DYSPHAGIA (difficulty swallowing) Treatment: bland diet, chewing food thoroughly, water after eating, surgical removal may be needed
What causes hepatitis B?
Contaminated BLOOD
How are the different hepatitis types usually differentiated?
patient's history usually differentiates type A from type B & C.
What is used to diagnose a bifid collecting system?
IVP
The string sign is associated with
pyloric stenosis and chrons disease
Horseshoe Kidney
congenital deformity where lower poles of kidneys are fused Etiology: CONGENITAL Signs and symptoms: doesn't impair renal function, no symptoms typically Diagnosis: abdomen x-ray, IVP Treatment: none needed
Bronchitis
Widespread inflammation with thickening of the bronchial walls and the secretion of mucus. (The inflammation causes the walls to narrow) Inflammation impedes passage of air in bronchi/bronchioles. In severe cases, bronchial obstruction can occur. Etiology: HEAVY SMOKERS, LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO POLLUTANTS, SECOND HAND SMOKE signs and symptoms-PRODUCTIVE COUGH FOR AT LEAST 2 MONTHS OR 2 CONSECUTIVE YEARS Treatment: Remove causative agent (such as smoking, air pollution), antibiotics, respiratory therapy with medications can reduce spasms.
What types of radiographs should be taken for better visualization of a volvulus?
AP, lateral & decubitus radiographs of the abdomen
What would you expect a chest x ray to look like for a pleural effusion?
costophrenic angles are blunted or totally lost because of fluid.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
A nonspecific chronic condition of persistant obstruction of BRONCHIAL AIRFLOW. Associated with long term respiratory diseases - asthma, emphysema, TB, bronchitis. -Early symptoms are dyspnea & mild persistent cough with sputum production. Eventually patient becomes fatigued from any physical activity. -elongated cardiac shadow, aortic arch is prominent, increased radiolucency in lower lung field, diaphragm usually flattened. Treatment: Usually consists of preventing further complications. Bronchodilators, oxygen, antibiotics. Prognosis: Not good since COPD occurs as a RESULT OF NUMEROUS INSULTS TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pulmonary Edema:
Excessive fluid in the ALVEOLI OCCURS OFTEN AT NIGHT -Cold, clammy skin; tachycardia and tachypnea; low BP
What type of infection is hepatitis
viral
Hepatitis
characterized by destruction of hepatocytes (liver cells).caused by hepatitis virus Etiology - Type A: More common in children and ADULTS OF low econ status. Acute onset and reasonable prognosis. Type B: is referred to as serum hepatitis and has a more gradual onset and a higher mortality rate. Type C: used to be common in blood transfusions. Type A is caused by congestion of contaminated water or food. Type B and C are acquired from contaminated blood. All viral. Signs & Symptoms- malaise, fatigue, anorexia, fever. Eventually necrosis of hepatocytes, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis - patient's history usually differentiates type A from type B & C. Type B more common in homosexuals and drug users. Abdomen radiograph. Treatment - bed rest, patient's diet should contain ample calories & protein, meds for nausea & vomiting.
What is used to diagnose a Horseshoe Kidney?
IVP
What causes hepatitis A?
Contaminated food or water
Volvulus
a loop of bowel twisting on itself. Etiology - may result from an ingested foreign body, adhesions or an unknown cause. Signs & Symptoms- vomiting, marked abdominal distention, severe abdominal pain. Diagnosis - AP, lateral & decubitus radiographs of the abdomen, barium enema. Shows SMOOTH TAPERED NARROWING Treatment - careful insertion of a sigmoidoscope can usually correct a volvulus in the sigmoid region
What causes hepatitis C?
Contaminated BLOOD
Bladder diverticula
outpouchings in the wall of the urinary bladder Etiology: congenital defect(from birth) or a result of inflammation or chronic obstruction Signs and symptoms: often asymptomatic, but symptoms include inability to urinate, UTI, or blood in the urine Diagnosis: VOIDING CYSTOGRAM, IVP post void X-ray Treatment: fluids and antibiotics, possible surgery to remove diverticulum
Vesicoureteral Reflux
occurs when urine flows backwards form the bladder into the ureters. OCCURA MOSTLY IN YOUNG CHILDREN AGES 3-7. can occur bc of inflammation of the bladder. Etiology: may be genetic Signs and symptoms: UTI, frequent urination, blood in urine. Diagnosis: IVP which will show dilated ureters, voiding cystourethrogram will show degree of reflux. Treatment: antibiotics if infection occurs.
Signs and symptoms of hepatitis
malaise, fatigue, anorexia, fever. Eventually NECROSIS OF HEPATOCYTES, jaundice, and hepatomegaly (ENLALRGED LIVER)
Hydronephrosis (NOT KIDNEY STONES):
a primary dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces (swelling of the kidney due to build up of urine) most of the time its from kidney stones. Etiology: can be congenital, ureteral tumor, structure, blood clots, or inflammation, but most frequently it is due to stones in the ureters. Bilateral hydronephrosis is caused from a blockage from the base of the bladder or urethra. Signs and symptoms: pain(dull to sharp), pus/blood in urine. Diagnosis: IVP, Retrograde pyelogram, CT Treatment: removal of the calculi through surgery or lithotripsy.
Pleural Effusion
An accumulation of an exudate or transudate in the pleural cavity. (Not in the lung itself, just the pleural cavity) Treatment: Because pleural effusion can compress the lung (can cause atelectasis) & cause collapse, it is important that the fluid be removed. If large amounts of fluid, a chest tube may be used. Antibiotics for infection.
Renal Calculi (KIDNEY STONES):
calculi in the renal collecting system. RECURRANCE IS VERY HIGH IF SOMEONE HAS HAD STONES BEFORE. Dehydration and obstruction are both common when stones are present. Etiology: 50% of persons with calculi have an abnormality of metabolism that accelerates the stone formation. GOUT and LEUKEMIA can both cause stones to form as well. Signs and Symptoms: Lots of pain, constant dull pain when obstruction occurs, also can have nausea, vomiting, and chills when stone is moving through ureters. Diagnosis: abdomen xray, IVP Treatment: lithotripsy, analgesics, increased fluids.
What is used to diagnose polycystic kidneys
IVP, retrograde pyelogram, MRI, ultrasound
Hepatitis A is more common in
children and low economic status individuals
Hyaline Membrane Disease (Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
incomplete maturity of surfactant cells (lungs). PRESENT IN NEWBORNS -Appears 24 hours after birth -Related to prematurity, c-sections, and diabetic mothers -Treat with warm, humidified air through a respirator -AFTER 72 HOURS BABY RECOVERS QUICKLY
What positions allow better visualization of hiatal hernia
Valsalva maneuver and trendelenburg
Pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas Etiology: common in ALCOHOLIC MEN and WOMEN WITH BILIARY DISEASE Signs and symptoms: severe abdominal pain radiating to back, nausea, vomiting, jaundice Diagnosis: abdomen x-ray (dilation of bowel and calcifications in pancreas seen), labs, CT, ultrasound Treatment: pain relief drugs, maintain fluid levels to prevent shock, no alcohol and healthy diet
Atelectasis (collapsed lung)
collapse of all or part of a lung. Can be acute or chronic. May be caused by obstruction of a bronchus or by compression of the lung. Obstruction can be FOREIGN BODY or MUCUS PLUG or compression of lung. Large lymph nodes can be pressing on lungs or tumors. Treatment - removal of obstruction or compressing agent. Whatever is causing it has to be removed -DIFFICULT TO PENETRATE
Hepatitis Type C
used to be common in blood transfusions.
Primary Obstructive Megaloureter
Primary Obstructive Megaloureter: Obstruction of the ureter. Etiology: may be congenital, could be form stones in the ureter. \ Signs and symptoms: pain, blood in urine Diagnosis: IVP: sometimes the IVP can cause the obstruction to loose. Treatment: removal of the obstruction
Section 3
(32 cards)