Section 1
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Date created
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Cards (74)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Style
the author's characteristic manner of expression
Narration
the story of events and/or experiences that tells what happened.
Paradox
a phrase or statement that while seemingly contradictory or absurd may actually be well-founded or true EX: "I don't hustle with people who are dishonest." -- Woody Harrelson (from the movie White Men Can't Jump)
Mood
the overall atmosphere of a work
Inverted Order of a Sentence
predicate comes before the subject.
Motif
recurrent images, words, objects, phrases, or actions that tend to unify the work
Periodic sentence
a sentence not grammatically complete before its end
Pun
a play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings EX: When Mercutio is bleeding to death in Romeo and Juliet, he says to his friends, "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find a grave man"
Protagonist
the central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem
Concrete
pertains to actual things, instances, or experiences: opposite of abstract.
Logical Fallacies
methods of pseudo-reasoning that may occur accidentally or may be intentionally contrived to lend plausibility to an unsound argument. See Appendix A for specific fallacies and examples.
Downplaying/Intensifying
methods of drawing attention and diverting attention.
Sarcasm
the use of verbal irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it EX: "As I fell down the stairs headfirst, I heard her say, 'Look at that coordination.'"
Conceit
an elaborate and surprising figure of speech comparing two very dissimilar things. EX: In John Donne's "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" (1633) separated lovers are likened to the legs of a compass, the leg drawing the circle eventually returning home to "the fixed foot."
Jargon
refers to a specialized language providing a shorthand method of quick communication between people in the same field. EX: The basis of assessment for Schedule D Case I and II, other than commencement and cessation, is what is termed a previous year basis. (legal jargon)
Repetition
reiterating a word or phrase, or rewording the same idea, to secure emphasis
Zeugma (zoog'-ma)
A general term describing when one part of speech (most often the main verb, but sometimes a noun) governs two or more other parts of a sentence (often in a series). EX: [a] Mr. Glowry was horror-struck by the sight of a round, ruddy face and a pair of laughing eyes. [b] The little baby from his crib, the screaming lady off the roof, and the man from the flooded basement were all rescued.
Logical Appeal
using facts, statistics, historical references, or other such proofs in order to convince the audience of one's position
Parallelism
the arrangement of parts of a sentence, sentences, paragraphs, and larger units of composition that one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased
Denotation
the specific, exact meaning of a word, independent of its emotional coloration or associations
Litotes (li-to'-tees )
understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed. EX: A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable.
Rhetorical question
a question asked solely to produce and effect and not to elicit a reply EX: "When will I ever learn?"
Defensive, Offensive
A method of argumentation in which the speaker or writer defends her own views (defensive) and/or attacks the views of others (offensive).
Diction
the choice of words in a work of literature and an element of style important to the work's effectiveness.
Doublespeak
language used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate. EX: downsize, RIF (reduction in force): fire employees.
Simile
a figure of speech involving a comparison using like or as EX: "She is as lovely as a summer's day"
Colloquial Expressions
Words or phrases characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation.
Metaphor
A figure of speech involving an implied comparison. EX: "She is a rose!"
Satire
a technique that points out the fallacies in both people and societal institutions, using iron wit and exaggeration
Juxtaposition
Poetic and rhetorical device placing normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases next to one another. EX: Robert Frost's poem "Fire and Ice"
Voice
the implied personality the author chooses to adopt
Shift or Turn
a change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader
Synecdoche (sih-NECK-duh-kee)
a type of figurative language in which the whole is used in place of the part or the part is used in place of the whole EX: "Give us this day our daily bread." -- Matthew 6:11 Note: In this case, the part (bread) stands in for the whole (food and perhaps other necessities of life)
Natural Order Sentence
subject comes before the predicate
Point of view
the vantage point from which the author presents the actions of the story.
Personification
attributing human characteristics to nonhuman things EX: "The wind whispers through the trees."
Oxymoron
a form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression EX: "cold fire," "jumbo shrimp"
Tone
the attitude of the writer or speaker toward his subject
Consonance
The repetition of a constant sound within a series of words to produce a harmonious effect. EX: "And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds."
Metonymy (me-TON-uh-me)
A figure of speech characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself. EX: We commonly speak of the king as "the crown" (an object closely associated with kingship thus being made to stand for "king"). "The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings." (suits and Wall Street are both examples of metonymy)
Polysyndeton (paulee-SIN-dih-tawn)
the repetition of conjunctions in close succession for rhetorical effect EX: "Here and there and everywhere."
Onomatopoeia
the use of words that by their sound suggest their meaning. EX: "hiss," "buzz," "whirr," "sizzle"
Ellipsis
The omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in the context. EX: "The eyes of others our prisons; their thoughts our cages."
Symbol
something concrete (such as an object, person, place, or event) that stands for or represents something abstract (such as an idea, quality, concept, or condition)
Irony
A mode of speech in which words express a meaning opposite to the intended meaning.
Rhyme
the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other
Loose Sentence
A sentence grammatically complete at some point (or points) before the end; opposite of a periodic sentence.
Syntax
the pattern or structure of the word order in a sentence or phrase: the study of grammatical structure
Connotation
the emotional implications that words may carry
Setting
the time and place in which events in a short story novel, play, or narrative poem take place
Section 2
(24 cards)