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Great Compromise

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Politics

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (136)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Great Compromise

Front

Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population & a state selected Senate, with 2 members for each state

Back

Democracy

Front

The rule of many

Back

Interest Group Politics

Front

A policy in which one small group benefits & another small group pays

Back

Shay's Rebellion

Front

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates & taxes

Back

Dual Federalism

Front

Doctrine holding that the nation government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept seperate

Back

Elite

Front

Persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource such as money, prestige, or expertise

Back

Cost

Front

A burden that people believe they must bear if a policy is adopted

Back

Class View (One of 5 views on how political power is distributed in america)

Front

View that the government is dominated by capitalists

Back

Reserved Powers

Front

Powers given to the state government alone

Back

Pluralist View (One of 5 views on how political power is distributed in america)

Front

View that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy

Back

Confederal System

Front

State and local Government has power over central government and citizens

Back

Creedal Passion View (One of 5 views on how political power is distributed in america)

Front

View that morally impassioned elites drive important political changes

Back

Bureaucratic View (One of 5 views on how political power is distributed in america)

Front

View that the government is dominated by appointed officials

Back

"Necessary & Proper" clause

Front

Selection of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and that has permitted congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the constitution

Back

Constitutional Convention

Front

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

Back

Benefit

Front

A satisfaction that people believe they will enjoy if a policy is adopted

Back

Majoritarian Politics

Front

A policy in which almost everybody benefits & almost everyone pays

Back

Judicial Review

Front

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

Back

Power Elite View (One of 5 views on how political power is distributed in america)

Front

View that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside government

Back

Federalism

Front

Government authority shared by national and local (state) governments - Constitutionally, state governments have a specially protected existence, and the authority to make final decisions over many governmental activities - Federalism is critical to how certain civil liberties and civil rights are defined and protected (ex: some state constitutions mention god, and some state laws prohibit funding for religious schools) - Federalism is a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

Back

Bill of Rights

Front

First 10 amendments to the constitution

Back

Legitimacy

Front

Political authority conferred by law or by state or national constitution

Back

Articles of Confederation

Front

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War

Back

Nullification

Front

The doctrine that a stare can declare null and void a federal law that, in the states opinion, violates the constitution

Back

Habeas Corpus

Front

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge

Back

Power

Front

The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first persons intentions

Back

New Jersey Plan

Front

Proposal to create a weak national Government

Back

Unitary System

Front

Central government has power over states, states have power over citizens

Back

Ex post facto law

Front

a law that makes as act criminal even though the act was legal when it was commited

Back

Coalition

Front

An alliance of groups

Back

Enumerated Powers

Front

Powers given to the national government alone

Back

Line Item Veto

Front

An executives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature

Back

Federalists

Front

Those who favor a stronger national government

Back

Politics

Front

The activity by which an issue is agitated or settled

Back

Federal System

Front

Central Government and States have power over the citizens

Back

Bill of Attainder

Front

A law that declared a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime

Back

Political Agenda

Front

Issues that people believe require government action

Back

Republic

Front

A government in which elected representatives make the decision

Back

Virginia Plan

Front

Proposal to create a strong national government

Back

Direct or Participatory Democracy

Front

A government in which all or most citizens participate directly

Back

Unalienable

Front

A human right based on nature of God

Back

Authority

Front

The right to use power

Back

Checks and Balances

Front

Authority shared by 3 branches of government

Back

Antifederalists

Front

Those who favor a weaker national government

Back

Interstate Commerce

Front

Congress can regulate

Back

Concurrent Powers

Front

Powers shared by the national & state governments

Back

Representative Democracy

Front

A government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote

Back

5 views about how political power is distributed in america

Front

Class View, Power Elite View, Bureaucratic View, Pluralist View, Creedal Passion View

Back

Seperation of Powers

Front

Constitutional authority is shared by 3 different branches of government

Back

Faction

Front

A group with a distinct political intrist

Back

Section 2

(50 cards)

Libel

Front

Writing that falsely injures another person

Back

Texas v. Johnson (1989):

Front

There may not be a law to ban flag-burning.

Back

Equal protection of the Laws (Equal protection clause)

Front

A standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government

Back

Liberty (one of the 5 important elements the American view of the political system contains)

Front

(All about their rights) Americans believe they should be free to do pretty much as the please (as long as they don't hurt people)

Back

Progressive

Front

A belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion

Back

Exclusionary Rule

Front

Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial

Back

Prior Restraint

Front

Censorship of publication

Back

What 4 forms of expression are not protected by the constitution?

Front

- Libel (injurious written statements) - Certain types of symbolic speech (actions that convey a political message) - "Fighting Words" (that incite others to do illegal acts) - Obscenity (writing or pictures that the average person believes appeal to the prurient interest and lack literary, artistic, political, or scientific value)

Back

Selective Incorporation Process

Front

The process whereby the court has applied most but not all, parts of the Bill of Rights to the states

Back

The American view of the political system contains 5 important elements:

Front

Liberty, Equality, Democracy, Civic Duty, Individual Responsibility

Back

Civil Liberties

Front

limitations placed on the government, basically things the government cant do that might interfere with your personal freedom basic freedoms guaranteed by the bill or rights (right to privacy, jury, speech, religion,

Back

Laboratories of Democracy

Front

Idea that different states will implement different policies, and the successful ones will spread

Back

Due Process of Law (Due process clause)

Front

Denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property The principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards.

Back

Public Safety Expectation

Front

The police can question an un-Mirandized suspect if there is an urgent concern for public safety

Back

Democracy

Front

-government by the people; especially : rule of the majority -a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections

Back

Miller v. California (1973):

Front

Obscenity defined as appealing to prurient interests of an average person with materials that lack literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

Back

Devolution

Front

The transfer of power from the National government to the state and local governments

Back

Orthodox

Front

A belief that morality and religion ought to be of decisive importance

Back

Clear-&-Present-Danger test

Front

Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions

Back

Civil Society

Front

Voluntary action that makes cooperation easier

Back

Freedom of Expression

Front

Right of people to speak, publish, and assemble

Back

Initiative

Front

Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot

Back

Civic Duty (one of the 5 important elements the American view of the political system contains)

Front

Americans generally feel people ought to take community affairs seriously and help our when they can

Back

Good Faith Expectation

Front

An error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial

Back

Political Culture

Front

A patterned and sustained way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out

Back

Civic Competence

Front

A belief that one can affect government policies

Back

Establishment clause

Front

prohibits the establishment of religion by congress

Back

Explain how the Constitution protects civil liberties for people accused of crime or designated as "enemy combatants"

Front

The constitution includes several due-process protectants for people accused of committing a crime. The exclusionary rule: the need for a search warrant; the miranda rules; and others. The supreme court has ruled that terrorist detainees and enemy combatants (people who arn't citizens or prisoners of war) have constitutionally guaranteed due-process protections.

Back

Equality (one of the 5 important elements the American view of the political system contains)

Front

Americans believe everybody should have an equal vote and an equal chance to participate & succeed

Back

Grants-In-Aid

Front

Money Given from the National Government to the states

Back

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969):

Front

Public school students may wear armbands to class protest- ing against America's war in Vietnam when such display does not disrupt classes.

Back

Class Consciousness

Front

A belief that one is a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups

Back

Inevitable Discovery

Front

The police can use evidence if it would inevitably have been discovered

Back

Schenck v. United States (1919):

Front

Speech may be punished if it creates a clear-and-present- danger of illegal acts.

Back

Individual Responsibility (one of the 5 important elements the American view of the political system contains)

Front

A characteristically American view that, barring some disability, individuals are responsible for their own action and well being

Back

Search Warrent

Front

A judges order authorizing a search

Back

Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire (1942):

Front

"Fighting words" are not protected by the First Amendment.

Back

Referendum

Front

Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature

Back

Probable Cause

Front

Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest: more than mere suspicion

Back

Symbolic Speech

Front

An act that conveys a political message

Back

How does the constitution protect religious freedom?

Front

First amendment bans the federal gov. from having an "established" tax-supported church. First amendment also prohibits the federal government from interfering with peoples religious activity. Also the supreme court has long since outlawed state sponsored churches

Back

new York times v. Sullivan (1964):

Front

To libel a public figure, there must be "actual malice."

Back

Civic Duty

Front

A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs

Back

Why are courts so important in defining civil liberties? (for both national government and state)

Front

because the courts are independent from the executive and legislative branches (who both respond to public pressures). therefore the courts are the brakes on their demands and are the citizens last hope when it comes to government respecting civil liberties

Back

Recall

Front

Procedure where by voters can remove an elected official from office

Back

Free-Exercise Clause

Front

First Amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion

Back

Wall of Seperation

Front

Court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion

Back

Freedom of Religion

Front

People shall be free to exercise their religion, and government may not establish a religion

Back

Cooperative Federalism

Front

Idea that the federal and state governments share power in many policy areas

Back

Intrastate Commerce

Front

Only states can regulate

Back

Section 3

(36 cards)

explain the concept of political culture and its key components in the United states.

Front

Political culture refers to long-standing patterns in how people view government, politics, and the economy. Key components of American political culture include liberty, equality (of opportunity), democracy, civic duty, and individual responsibility.

Back

summarize how american political institutions and public opinion have expanded civil rights.

Front

American civil rights have expanded through the joint efforts of political institutions and public opinion. In some areas, public opinion has mobilized the national government to act, while in other areas, court rulings and legislation have spurred public reaction.

Back

summarize the pros and cons of federalism in the United states.

Front

Debates over federalism come down to debates over equality versus participation. Federalism means that citizens living in different parts of the country will be treated differently, not only in spending programs, such as welfare, but also in legal systems that assign in different places different penalties to similar offenses or that differentially enforce civil rights laws. But federalism also means that more opportunities exist for participation in making decisions—in influencing what is taught in the schools and in deciding where highways and government projects are to be built. Indeed, differences in public policy— that is, unequal treatment—are in large part the result of participation in decision making. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to have more of one of these values without having less of the other.

Back

summarize the key issues presented by Federalists and antifederalists in ratification debates for the constitution.

Front

The Federalists argued for a strong national government that would control factions, limit public participation in governance primarily to voting, and empower elected officials to decide which policies would be in the public interest. The Antifederalists were concerned about giving too much power to the national government, and favored increased political participation in state and local governance, as well as a Bill of Rights to ensure that the national government did not encroach upon individual rights.

Back

Discuss how court doctrine and public opinion on gay rights have changed in the 21st century.

Front

As late as 1986, the Supreme Court upheld a state law forbidding certain homosexual acts. But, in 2003, the Court struck down state laws banning consensual sexual relations between same-sex partners. In the 2000s, while some states legalized same-sex marriage and other states outlawed it, public opinion shifted in favor of allowing gays and lesbians to marry, rising from 35 percent, a minority, in favor in 2001 to 47 percent, a plurality, in favor in 2012. In 2013, the Court struck down as unconstitutional the federal Defense of Marriage Act, declaring that the federal government must provide gay couples married in states where same-sex marriage is legal with the same health, tax, and other benefits that heterosexual married couples receive. In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage is constitutional.

Back

explain why "who governs?" and "to what ends?" are fundamental questions in american politics.

Front

The political agenda consists of those issues that people with decision-making authority believe require government action. The behavior of groups, the workings of institutions, the media, and the actions of state governments have all figured in the expansion of America's political agenda, and understanding how those actors have expanded the agenda—that is, "who governs?"—is necessary to understand the nature of American politics. Similarly, the great shifts in the character of American government—its size, scope, institutional arrangements, and the direction of its policies— have reflected complex and sometimes sudden changes in elite or mass beliefs about what government is supposed to do—that is, "to what ends?" The federal government now has policies on street crime, the environment, homeland security, and many other issues that were not on the federal agenda a half-century (or, in the case of homeland security, just 15 years) ago.

Back

Reno v. ACLU (1997):

Front

A law that bans sending "indecent" material to minors over the Internet is unconstitutional because "indecent" is too vague and broad a term.

Back

Suspect Classification

Front

Classifications of people based on their race or ethnicity; laws so classifying people are subject to "strict scrutiny"

Back

summarize the key concepts for classifying the politics of different policy issues.

Front

One way to classify and explain the politics of different issues is in relation to the perceived costs and benefits of given policies and how narrowly concentrated (limited to a relatively small number of identifiable citizens) or widely distributed (spread over many, most, or all citizens) their perceived costs and benefits are. This approach gives us four types of politics: majoritarian (widely distributed costs and benefits), interest group (narrowly concentrated costs and benefits), client (widely distributed costs and narrowly concentrated benefits), and entrepreneurial (narrowly concentrated costs and widely distributed benefits). Different types of coalitions are associated with each type of politics. Issues can sometimes "migrate" from one type of politics to another. Some policy dynamics involve more than one type of politics. And the politics of some issues is harder to classify and explain than the politics of others.

Back

Civil Disobediance

Front

opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment

Back

explain how the national government has attempted to end racial discrimination in the United state

Front

After the Supreme Court ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional, Congress and the executive branch debated over how they would implement the decision. But in time, these institutions began spending federal money and using federal troops and law enforcement officials in ways that greatly increased the rate of integration.

Back

Equality of Opportunitty

Front

Giving people an equal chance to succeed

Back

explain how evolving debates about liberty led from the revolutionary war to the constitutional convention.

Front

The 13 colonies declared independence from Great Britain to protect their liberty, that is, their freedom to pursue their interests without undue and unfair interference from the monarch. After the Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation established a national government with limited powers in the new republic. But those powers did not ensure sufficient authority for governmental action, so the Constitutional Convention was called to strengthen the national political system while protecting states' rights and individual liberty.

Back

Discuss how the United states differs from other countries in its political culture.

Front

The question of whether the United States is "exceptional" among democracies sparks much debate among social scientists and historians. While characteristics of American exceptionalism are difficult to identify and measure, surveys discussed in this chapter do show that Americans view government, politics, religion, and economics differently than citizens of other advanced industrialized democracies. American political culture has imbued it with more tolerance and a greater respect for orderly procedures and personal rights than can be found in nations with constitutions like ours. Americans are willing to let whoever wins an election govern without putting up a fuss, and the U.S. military does not intervene.

Back

Reverse Discrimination

Front

Using race or Sex to give professional treatment to some class of people

Back

explain how the national government has attempted to advance women's rights in the United states

Front

While court rulings and laws state that treating men and women differently in several areas, such as pay and membership in professional organizations, is discrimination, the Supreme Court also says a difference in treatment can be justified constitutionally if the difference is fair, reasonable, and not arbitrary. Sex differences need not meet the "strict scrutiny" test. It is permissible to punish men for statutory rape, to create single-sex public schools (so long as they meet certain requirements), and to draft men without drafting women.

Back

Equality of Results

Front

Making certain that people achieve the same result

Back

De facto Segregation

Front

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

Back

Discuss the major proposals and compromise over representation in the constitutional convention.

Front

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention debated two major plans over representation in the national legislature. The Virginia Plan proposed allocating seats based on population, while the New Jersey Plan proposed allocating equal seats to each state. The Connecticut Compromise created a bicameral legislature with seats allocated by population in one chamber (House) and two seats given to each state in the other chamber (Senate).

Back

Civil Rights

Front

curbs on the power of majorities to make decisions that would benefit some at the expense of others. basically guarantees of equal citizenship and protect from discrimination

Back

identify the key sources of political culture in the United states.

Front

People learn the concepts of political culture from their families, schools, organizations (including religious groups), and interactions with the government—federal, state, and local.

Back

Discuss continuing debates about democracy and the constitution.

Front

From the time the Constitution was drafted, people have debated how effectively it promotes democratic governance. In the twenty-first century, critics typically have two overarching, and opposing, perspectives: the American political system does too little, or the system does too much. Some critics argue for reducing the separation of powers in the American political structure to make the government more efficient and effective. Other critics say the federal government needs to reevaluate priorities and sharply reduce spending to focus only on policies that clearly are in the national interest.

Back

Seperate-But-Equal Doctrine

Front

the doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities

Back

Police Powers

Front

State power to effect laws promoting health, safety, and morals

Back

Discuss five views of how political power is distributed in the United states.

Front

Some believe that political power in America is monopolized by wealthy business leaders, by other powerful elites, or by entrenched government bureaucrats. Others believe that political resources such as money, prestige, expertise, organizational position, and access to the mass media are so widely dispersed in American society, and the governmental institutions and offices in which power may be exercised so numerous and varied, that no single group truly has all or most political power. In this view, political power in America is distributed more or less widely. Still others suggest that morally impassioned leaders have at times been deeply influential in our politics. No one, however, argues that political resources are distributed equally in America.

Back

Discuss the historical origins of federalism, and explain how it has evolved over time.

Front

The Framers of the Constitution created a federal system of government for the United States because they wanted to balance the power of the central government with states that would exercise independent influence over most areas of people's lives, outside of national concerns such as defense, coining money, and so forth. Since the Founding, the balance of power between the national government and the states has shifted over time. Overall, the federal government's power and responsibilities have increased, particularly with the expansion of programs in the 20th and 21st centuries. Still, states exercise broad latitude in implementing policies, and they frequently provide models for the federal government to consider in creating national policies

Back

explain how politics drives democracy.

Front

Politics is the activity by which an issue is agitated or settled. Politics occurs because people disagree and the disagreement must be managed. Disagreements over many political issues, including disputes over government budgets and finances, are often at their essence disagreements over what government should or should not do at all. Democracy can mean either that everyone votes on all government issues (direct or participatory democracy) or that the people elect representatives to make most of these decisions (representative democracy).

Back

Affirmative Action

Front

Laws or administrative regulations that require a business firm, government agency, labor union, school, college, or other organization to take positive steps to increase the number of African American, other minorities, or women in its membership

Back

Discuss whether the devolution of programs to the states beginning in the 1980s really constitutes a revolution in federal-state relations.

Front

Devolution was not a revolution, but it did generate important changes in programs like welfare. More generally, it continued the shift toward federal programs administered by states.

Back

Strict Scrutiny

Front

The standard by which "suspect classifications" are judged. to be upheld, such a classification must be related to a "compelling government interest," be "narrowly tailored" to achieve that interest, and use the "latest restrictive means" available Strict scrutiny is a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws. To pass strict scrutiny, the legislature must have passed the law to further a "compelling governmental interest," and must have narrowly tailored the law to achieve that interest.

Back

De jure Segregation

Front

Racial segregation that is required by law

Back

FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life (2007):

Front

Prohibits campaign finance reform law from banning political advocacy. cant ban issue ads before election

Back

evaluate how american political culture affects public confidence in government and tolerance of different political views.

Front

Compared to the 1950s, we are much less likely to think the government does the right thing or cares about what we think. But when we look at our system of government—the Constitution and our political culture—we are very pleased with it. Americans are much more patriotic than people in many other democracies. And we display a great deal of support for churches in large measure because we are more religious than most Europeans.

Back

Describe how funding underlies federal-state interactions and how this relationship has changed over time.

Front

Funding is perhaps the key link between federal and state governments: In fiscal year 2014, the federal government provided approximately $577 billion in grants to state and local governments. Many of these grants fund programs designed in Washington but implemented at the state level. Such programs can be contentious because of the mandates and requirements imposed by the federal governments on the states.

Back

Discuss the evolution of affirmative- action programs after the national government ended racial segregation

Front

To overcome the effects of past discrimination, many institutions, including businesses, schools, and the federal government, have created programs that specifically aim to increase the number of minorities or women in their organization. In some cases, the Supreme Court has upheld affirmative-action programs, but more recent Court rulings have overturned such programs, or said they may not be necessary in the near future.

Back

Citizens United v. FEC (2010):

Front

The part of the McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform law that prevents corporations and labor unions from spending money on adver- tisements (independent of political candi- dates or parties) in political campaigns is unconstitutional.

Back