Section 1
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Atomic solid
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Cards (245)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Atomic solid
a solid that contains atoms at the lattice points
Acid
a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor
Alkali metal
a Group 1A metal
Alloy
a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties
Activation energy
the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction
Amorphous solid
a solid with considerable disorder in its structure
Amine
an organic base derived from ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups
Acid dissociation constant (Ka)
the equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a proton is removed from an acid by H2O to form the conjugate base and H3O+
Alloy steel
a form of steel containing carbon plus other metals such as chromium, cobalt, manganese, and molybdenum
Aqueous solution
a solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent
Antibonding molecular orbital
an orbiting higher in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed
Alkyne
an unsaturated hydrocarbon containinga triple carbon-carbon bond. The general formula is C(n)H(2n-2)
Alkane
a saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula C(n)H(2n+2)
α-Amino acid
an organic acid in which an amino group and an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group
Atomic radius
half the distance between thenuclei in a molecule consisting of identical atoms
Alpha (α) particle
a helium nucleus
Addition reaction
a reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond
Alkene
an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond. The general formula is C(n)H(2n)
Barometer
a device for measuring atmospheric pressure
Alkaline earth metal
a Group 2A metal
Alpha-particle production
a common mode of decay for radio-active nuclides in which the mass number changes
Aufbau principle
the principle stating that as protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to hydrogen-like orbitals
Atomic weight
the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring element
Aromatic hydrocarbon
one of a special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is benzene
Adsorption
the collection of one substance on the surface of another
Base
a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution, a proton acceptor
Ampere
the unit of electric current equal to one coulomb of charge per second
Atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Actinide series
a group of 14 elements following actinium in the periodic table, in which the 5f orbitals are being filled
Aldehyde
an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
Arrhenius concept
a concept postulating that acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, while bases produce hydroxide ions
Acid rain
a result of air pollution by sulfur dioxide
Ball-and-stick model
a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly
Avogadro's number
the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure ^(12)C, equal to 6.022 x 10^(23)
Alcohol
an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon
Amphoteric substance
a substance that can behave either as an acid or as a base
Acidic oxide
a covalent oxide that dissolves in water to give an acidic solution
Arrhenius equation
the equation representing the rate constant as k = Ae^[-(E[a])/(RT)], where A represents the product of the collision frequency and the steric factor, and e^[-(E[a])/(RT)] is the fraction of collisions with sufficient energy to product a reaction
Anode
the electrode in a galvanic cell at which oxidation occurs
Accuracy
the agreement of a particular value with a true value
Atmosphere
the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth's surfaces
Air pollution
contamination of the atmosphere, mainly by the gaseous products of transportation and production of electricity
Band model
a molecular model for metals in which the electrons are assumed to travel around the metal crystal in molecular orbitals formed from the valence atomic orbitals of the metal atoms
Autoionization
the transfer of a proton from one molecule to another of the same substance
Anion
a negative ion
Acid-base indicator
a substance that marks the end point of an acid-base titration by changing color
Angular momentum quantum number (ℓ)
the quantumnumber relating to the shape of an atomicorbital, which can assume any integral value from 0 to 'n-1' for each value of 'n'
Avogadro's law
equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles
Activated complex (transition state)
the arrangement of atoms found at the tope of the potential energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products
Addition polymerization
a type of polymerization in which the monomers simply add together to form the polymer, with no other products
Section 2
(50 cards)
compound
substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes
Cathode
the electrode in a galvanic cell at which reduction occurs
Beta (β) particle
an electron produced in radioactivedecay
Buffering capacity
the ability of a buffered solution to absorb protons or hydroxide ions without a significant change in pH; determined by the magnitudes of [HA] and [A-] in the solution
Carboxylic acid
an organic compound containing the carboxyl group; an acid with the general formula RCOOH
Chemical bond
the force or, more accurately, the energy, that holds two atoms together in a compound
Boyle's law
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure
common ion effect
shift in equilibrium position caused by addition or presence of ion involved in equilibrium reaction
Carboxyl group
the -COOH group in an organic acid
colligative properties
properties of solution that depend only on the number, and not on the identity, of the solute particles
complete ionic equation
equation that shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions
Chromatography
the general name for a series of methods for separating mixtures by employing a system with a mobile phase and a stationary phase
Bond energy
the energy required to break a given chemical bond
Charles' law
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins
Bond length
the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by a bond; the distance where the total energy of a diatomic molecule is minimal
Bonding molecular orbital
an orbital lower in energy than the atomic orbitals or which it is composed
Bonding pair
an electron pair found in the space between two atoms
complex ion
charged species consisting of metal ion surrounded by ligands
Calorimetry
the science of measuring heat flow
Basic oxide
an ionic oxide that dissolves in water to produce a basic solution
Bimolecular step
a reaction involving the collision of two molecules
Bond order
the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons, divided by two. It is an index of bond strength
Carbohydrate
a polyhydroxyl ketone or polyhydroxyl aldehyde or a polymer composed of these
Basic oxygen process
a process for producing steel by oxidizing and removing the impurities in iron using a high-pressure blast of oxygen
Brønsted-Lowry model
a model proposing that an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor
Biomolecule
a molecule responsible for maintaining and/or reproducing life
Borane
a covalent hydride of boron
Buffered solution
a solution that resists a changein its pH when either hydroxide ions or protons are added
collision model
model based on idea that molecules must collide to react; used to account for the observed characteristics of reaction rates
Carbon steel
an alloy of iron containing up to about 1.5% carbon
Chemical kinetics
the area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates
Chemical stoichiometry
the calculation of the quantities of material consumed and produced in chemical reactions
Cell potential (electromotive force)
the driving force in a galvanic cell that pulls electrons from the reducing agent in one compartment to the oxidizing agent in the other
Chemical formula
the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements areused to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms
Bidentate ligand
a ligand that can form two bonds to a metal ion
combustion reaction
vigorous and exothermic reaction that takes place between certain substances, particularly organic compounds, and oxygen
Binding energy (nuclear)
the energy required to decompose a nucleus into its component nucleus
Beta-particle production
a decay process for radioactive nuclides in which the mass number remains constant and the atomic number changes. The net effect is to change a neutron to a proton
Cation
a positive ion
Binary compound
a two-element compound
Chemical change
the change of substances into other substances through a reorginzation of the atoms; a chemical reaction
Battery
a group of galvanic cells connected in series
Chemical equilibrium
a dynamic reaction system in which the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant as a function of time
Chain reaction (nuclear)
a self-sustaining fission process caused by the production or neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei
Chemical equation
a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative numbers of reactant and product molecules
Capillary action
the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube
Chelating ligand (chelate)
a ligand having more than one atom with a long pair that can be used to bond to a metal ion
coagulation
destruction of colloid by causing particles to aggregate and settle out
Catalyst
a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed
Cathode rays
the "rays" emanating from the negative electrode (cathode) in a partially evacuated tube; a stream of electrons
Section 3
(50 cards)
covalent bonding
type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms
dipole-dipole attraction
attractive force resulting when polar molecules line up so that the positive and negative ends are close to each other
concentration cell
galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components, but at different concentrations
electromagnetic radiation
radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum
electron spin quantum number
a quantum number representing one of the two possible values for the electron spin; either +(1/2) or -(1/2)
electrolyte
material that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current
Coulomb's Law
E= 2.31 x 10^-19 (Q1Q2/r), where E is the energy of interaction between a pair of ions, expressed in joules; r is the distance between the ion centers in nm; and Q1 and Q2 are the numerical ion charges
condensed states of matter
liquids and solids
core electron
inner electron in an atom
electrical conductivity
ability to conduct an electric current
coordination compound
compound composed of complex ion and counter ions sufficient to give no net charge
corrosion
process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere
condensation polymerization
type of polymerization in which the formation of a small molecule, such as water, accompanies the extension of the polymer chain
coordination number
number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands in a complex ion
diffusion
mixing of gases
conjugate acid-base pair
two species related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton
continuous spectrum
spectrum that exhibits all the wavelengths of visible light
dry cell battery
common battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and tape players
density
property of matter representing the mass per unit volume
electron affinity
the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom
dimer
molecule formed by the joining of two identical monomers
critical temperature
temperature above which vapor cannot be liquefied no matter what pressure is applied
coordinate covalent bond
metal-ligand bond resulting from the interaction of a lewis base (ligand) and a lewis acid (metal ion)
electrochemistry
study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy
dilution
process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
huge nucleotide polymer having a double-helical structure with complementary bases on the two strands. its major functions are protein synthesis and the storage and transport of genetic information
diamagnetism
type of magnetism, associated with paired electrons, that causes a substance to be repelled from the inducing magnetic field
conjugate base
what remains of an acid molecule after a proton is lost
electronegativitiy
the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
dialysis
phenomenon in which a semipermeable membrane allows transfer of both solvent molecules and small solute molecules and ions
electrolysis
process that involves forcing a current through a cell to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur
desalination
removal of dissolved salts from an aqueous solution
effusion
passage of a gas through a tiny orifice into an evacuated chamber
condensation
process by which vapor molecules reform a liquid
conjugate acid
species formed when proton is added to base
control rods
rods in nuclear reactor composed of substances that absorb neutrons. these rods regulate the power level of the reactor
electron
a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom
distillation
method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components
crystalline solid
solid with a regular arrangement of its components
condensation reaction
reaction in which two molecules are joined, accompanied by the elimination of a water molecule
counterions
anions or cations that balance the charge on the complex ion in a coordination compound
differential rate law
expression that gives the rate of a reaction as a function of concentrations; often called rate law
coordination isomerism
isomerism in coordination compound in which the composition of the coordination sphere of a metal ion varies
critical mass
mass of fissionable material required to produce a self-sustaining chain reaction
electrolytic cell
cell that uses electrical energy to produce a chemical change that would otherwise not occur spontaneously
degenerate orbitals
group of orbitals with the same energy
dipole moment
property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge
double bond
bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
critical point
point on a phase diagram at which the temperature and pressure have their critical values; the end point of the liquid-vapor line
Dalton's law of partial pressures
for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone
Section 4
(50 cards)
element
a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means
equilibrium position
particular set of equilibrium concentrations
entropy
a thermodynamic function that measures randomness or disorder
half-life (of a radioactive sample)
time required for the number of nuclides in a radioactive sample to reach half of the original value
hess's law
in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps
heterogeneous equilibrium
equilibrium involving reactants and/or products in more than one phase
fossil fuel
coal, petroleum, or natural gas; consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms
geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism
isomerism in which atoms or groups of atoms can assume different positions around a rigid ring or bond
half-life (of a reactant)
time required for a reactant to reach half of its original concentration
fission
process of using a neuron to split a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers
ester
an organic compound produced by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
equilibrium constant
value obtained when equilibrium concentrations of the chemical species are substituted in the equilibrium expression
endpoint
point in a titration at which the indicator changes color
galvanizing
process in which steel is coated with zinc to prevent corrosion
equilibrium point
position where the free energy of a reaction system has its lowest possible value
heat
energy transferred between two objects due to a temperature difference between them
heat of vaporization
energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at a pressure of one atmosphere
elementary step
a reaction whose rate law can be written from its molecularity
electron capture
a process in which one of the inner-orbital electrons in an atom is captured by the nucleus
fuel cell
galvanic cell for which the reactants are continuously supplied
glass electrode
electrode for measuring pH from the potential difference that develops when it is dipped into an aqueous solution containing H+ ions
equivalence point (stoichiometric point)
point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated
enzyme
a large molecule, usually a protein, that catalyzes biological reactions
Graham's law of effusion
rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles
half-reactions
two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction
halogen
Group 7A element
heisenberg uncertainty principle
a principal stating that there is a fundamental limitation to how precisely both the position and momentum of a particle can be known at a given time
empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
ground state
lowest possible energy state of an atom or molecule
functional group
atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contains elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen
enthalpy
property of a system equal to E+PV, where E is the internal energy of the system, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system
free energy
thermodynamic function equal to the enthalpy (H) minus the product of the entropy (S) and the Kelvin temperature (T); G=H-TS
heat of fusion
enthalpy change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point
endothermic
refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows into the system
energy
the capacity to do work or to cause heat flow
henry's law
amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution
heating curve
plot of temperature vs. time for a substance where energy is added at a constant rate
gamma (γ) ray
high-energy photon
filtration
method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid
exothermic
reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system
frequency
number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space
faraday
constant representing the charge on one mole of electrons; 96,485 coulombs
fusion
process of combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus
equilibrium expression
the expression obtained by multiplying the product concentrations and dividing by the multiplied reactant concentrations, with each concentration raised to a power represented by the coefficient in the balanced equation
galvanic cell
device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work
heat capacity
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius
homogeneous equilibrium
equilibrium system where all reactants and products are in the same phase
first law of thermodynamics
energy of the universe is constant
enthalpy (heat) of fusion
the enthalpy change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point
group (of the periodic table)
vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and showing similar properties
Section 5
(45 cards)