Section 1
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Active transport
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (63)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Active transport
movement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium-potassium pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
Chromatin
uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division
Electron Acceptors
Cellular respiration: NAD+ and FAD (to NADH and FADH2) Photosynthesis: NADP+ (to NADPH)
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
bind to a portion of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site so that it cannot match with substrates, used for regulating metabolic reactions
When ΔG is positive...
...the reaction is endergonic (gain of free energy).
Hypertonic
solution with higher concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would become shiveled/plasmolyzed
Conversion Reaction before Kreb's
Input: 2 pyruvate Output: 2 acetyl (w/ CoA), 2 NADH, 2 CO2
When ΔG is negative...
...the reaction is exergonic (loss of free energy).
Isotonic
equal levels of solute concentration, plant cell in this solution would become flaccid
Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions that transfer electrons to oxygen
Protein structure and organization
composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)
The higher the substrate concentration...
...the faster the reaction until the enzyme becomes saturated.
Reduction
gain of electrons (RIG)
Smooth ER
metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons)
Fats
consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Electrochemical Gradient
diffusion gradient resulting in combination of membrane potential and concentration gradient
Induced fit
change in the shape of an enzyme's active site induced by the substrate, helps to break down the substrate
Golgi
stores, transports, and secretes cell products
Cytoskeleton
supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products
Glycolysis
Input: glucose, 2 ATP Output: 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP (net 2), 2 NADH
Dehydration
connecting monomers together by the removal of water
Denaturation
the unraveling of an enzyme due to high temperatures or incompatible pH
Lysosomes
only in animal cells, digestive organelles
Oxidation
loss of electrons (OIL)
Protein functions (8)
1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins
Disaccharides
glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER
Extracellular Matrix
only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell
Feedback Inhibition
the product of a metabolic pathway switches off the enzyme that created it earlier in the process
*Lipids
hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains
Centrosomes (2 centrioles)
only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division
Phospholipid Bilayer
tails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied
Competitive Inhibitors
resemble a substrate and block enzymes' active sites, can be overcome with higher concentration of substrate
Nucleolus
nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more of these
*Enzymes
proteins that are biological catalysts, lower the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction (reactants at unstable transition state) can be used over and over
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-bound organelles; both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids
Hydrolysis
disassembling polymers by the addition of water
Cofactors
nonprotein molecules that are required for proper enzyme function, cofactors made of organic molecules are called coenzymes
Enzyme inhibition may be irreversible if...
...the inhibitor attaches by covalent bonds (poisons, toxins)
Substrate
the substance that an enzyme acts upon
Flagella
only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility
Membrane Potential
voltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and negative ions, electrons move from high to low concentration (ex. sodium-potassium pumps in neurons)
Active Site
region of enzyme that binds to the substrate
*Nucleic Acids
DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins
Rough ER
covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes
Phospholipids
consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
Central Vacuole
only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells)
Polysaccharides
Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure) Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
Hypotonic
solution with lower concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would lyse/become turgid
Passive trasport
movement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion 2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins)
Section 2
(13 cards)