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What would happen to a neuron's ability to conduct a nerve impulse if the resting potential didn't exist?

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Anatomy Science

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (50)

Section 1

(50 cards)

What would happen to a neuron's ability to conduct a nerve impulse if the resting potential didn't exist?

Front

The cell would always be in hyperolarization with no standard charge. A cell in hyperpolarization is inactive which would not allow the cell to conduct an impulse

Back

Abducent:

Front

lateral rectus muscle and eye movement

Back

Epidymal cells:

Front

helps produce CSF

Back

The botulism toxin prevents the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. What will be the consequence?

Front

Neurotransmitter= Ach. Ach will not be released so therefore it will not bind to the receptors on the muscle. When this happens, sodium gated channels cannot open and therefore will not contract due to depolarization not occurring

Back

Function of glial cells:

Front

can protect, provide support or insulate the neurons an the nervous system. Can include astrocytes: BBB Epidymal cells: helps produce CSF Microglial cells: protects against infection oligodendrocytes: myelinates and insulates Satellite cells: protects for cell bodies Neurolemmocyte: myelinates and insulates in the PNS

Back

spinal accessory

Front

sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles

Back

Microglial cells:

Front

protects against infection

Back

Name four structures that protect the brain.

Front

Blood brain barrier, skull, cranial menengies, and CSF

Back

oligodendrocytes:

Front

myelinates and insulates

Back

Midbrain (4)

Front

1. cerebral peduncle: descending motor tracts (white matter) 2. Substantia nigra: produces dopamine (produced by neurons) coordination and maintaining fine motor actions 3. Red nucleus: controls posterior back muscles "erector spinae group"; keeps back straight and in upright position 4. Corpora quadridgemine: superior and inferior colliculi superior: participation of visual reflexes inferior: auditory reflexes Cranial nerves: 4, 3

Back

Spinal cord: association of the white and grey matter

Front

Grey matter: regions containing neural cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons White matter: myelinated axons

Back

What creates the membrane potential in neurons?

Front

see chart

Back

Pons (2)

Front

1. motor and sensory tracts; connects different areas of the brain 2. respiratory center, reticular formation, and regulates depth of repertory Cranial Nerves: 8, 7, 6, 5

Back

Function of Optic N.

Front

Retina and vision

Back

Cerebellum (1)

Front

balance and coordination of gross motor movement, speech, propriousception (location of body parts with eyes closed)

Back

Diencephalon

Front

Composed of epithalimus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Back

vagus

Front

motor: parasympathetic, visceral organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities sensory: from visceral organs of abdominal and thoracic cavities

Back

thalamus (1)

Front

1. consists of only neural bodies; filters and produces all sensory information that comes into our awareness, projects information to certain areas of the brain if needed

Back

Cerebrum

Front

Composed of substantia nigra, cerebral nuclei and cerebral cortex

Back

Saltatory Conduction:

Front

occurs in myelinated axons and do not occur in myelinated areas; rather jumps to Nodes of Ranvier

Back

Facial

Front

motor: facial muscles- somatic Salivary glands- parasympathetic sensory: taste buds of anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Back

CSF production and flow

Front

Produced by chorioid plexus lateral ventricles 3rd ventricle through the intraventricular foramen 4th ventricle through the cerebral acquaduct subarachnoid space through the lateral apperntures Central Canal excess CSF will enter the Arachnoid vili that drains into the dural ventral sinuses

Back

Continuous conduction:

Front

occurs in unmyleinated axons and involves sequential opening of voltage gated Na+ channels and voltage gated K+ channels along the icon plasma membrane; runs through the whole axon

Back

A drug that blocks ATP production is introduced into an isolated axon preparation. The axon is then repeatedly stimulated and recordings are made of the response. What effects would you expect to observe?

Front

Sodium pumps and potassium pumps will not be triggered to open or close therefore causing the cell to remain at electrochemical equilibrium (-70 mv) so there will be no movement of ATP. Also the phosphates needed to create ATP will be inhibited and with a negative charge the cell will not reach threshold to propagate a reaction along the axon.

Back

Oculomotor

Front

move the eye by controlling 4 eye muscles, raises eye lid and helps in pupal constriction by controlling the sphincter muscle

Back

Cerebral Cortex: primary, association and functional areas

Front

see picture

Back

Describe a pathway of throwing a tennis ball with your right hand

Front

See chart

Back

Satellite cells:

Front

protects for cell bodies

Back

epithalmus (1)

Front

1. pinal gland; above thalamus, produces melatonin (day and night cycle) Cranial nerve: 2

Back

hypoglossal

Front

tongue muscles/ speech and chewing

Back

Trigeminal

Front

Sensation from face, oral, nasal cavities, sinuses and cornea Motor: muscles of mastication

Back

Blindfolded person with damage of the corpus callous is unable to name the object placed in the lefthand but can name it when it is place in the right hand. Explain why with a description of the pathway. Locate the 1st, 2nd and 3rd neuron.

Front

A person with an undamaged corpus callosum will have a brain function that will look like this (see diagram) In a patient with a damaged corpus callosum the crossing over of sensory information will not occur. This means that it will not reach the Wornick and Brocca's area so it cannot b comprehended or vocalized.

Back

Function of olfactory nerve

Front

nasal mucosa/smell

Back

Describe the events in neuromuscular junction

Front

1. Calcium moves into the dendrite 2. Acetylcholine is released into the synapse of the dendrite and muscle cell 3. Acetylcholine attaches to the skeletal muscle and chemical gated channels open 4. Sodium moves into the muscles and they contract 5. Acetyl cholene-asperase breaks doen acetal choline and Na+ channels close relaxing the muscle

Back

Substantia nigra (1)

Front

1. each hemisphere receives sensory information and sends to the other side of the body

Back

Resting membrane potential.

Front

the difference in the charge of a resting excitable cell. The inside of the membrane is relatively negative and the outside is relatively positive.

Back

If potassium concentration in extracellular fluid will decrease, what effect will this have on the resting membrane potential? If extracellular potassium will increase? Explain.

Front

Decrease: the cell charge will become more positive Increase: the RMP will become more negative. This is because Sodium has a positive charge

Back

cerebral nuclei (2)

Front

1. controls movement 2. amygdala: emotion

Back

Midbrian

Front

Composed of Medulla oblongata, Pons and midbrain

Back

glossopharyngeal:

Front

motor: muscles of pharynx and larynx (swallowing) sensoy: tastebuds of the posterior 1/3 of tongue

Back

Propagation of action potential

Front

1. threshold is reached at -50 mv 2. voltage gated channels open 3. NA+ rushes out of the cell and the cell charge increases, causing depolarization 4/ At 30 mv voltage gated channels open 5. K+ leaves the cell through channels and repolarization occurs

Back

medulla oblongata function (7)

Front

1. sensory motors pass through 2. motor tracts pass through 3. ~90% desiccation occurs here 4. cardiovascular centers: senses CO2 increase and can control heart rate and the diameter of the blood vessels 5. respritory center: controls respiration rate through responding to the CO2 levels and the pH though the phrenic nerve 6. area postrama: vomiting center; does not he BB so responds to small changes in the blood 7. reticular formation: continues from Medulla Oblongata to pons to midbrain; clusters of neurons and is important in maintaining consciousness Cranial nerves: 12, 11, 10, 9, 8

Back

Trochlear

Front

superior oblique muscle for eye movement

Back

Define reflex and state its main components

Front

Rapid, pre=programmed involuntary reaction of muscles or glands to a stimulus Main components 1. receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. intigrating system 4. motor neuron 5. effector neuron

Back

Action potential graph

Front

See it

Back

Curare binds to the Ach receptors without activating them. What is the effect of curare on the skeletal muscle

Front

Curare will bind to the Ach receptor and inhibit Ach to bind to its receptor. This will cause the sodium gated channels to nor open and the muscle will not be able to contract. Depolarization will not occur

Back

Hypothalamus (8)

Front

1. master control of the endocrine system 2. master control of the autonomic nervous system 3. regulates body temperature 4. controls thirst; helps control metabolic process; low blood flow to the brain and osmolalit of blood control 5. production of antidiuretic hormone and effects reabsorption of H2O in the kidney, production of oxytocin 6. regulation of food intake 7. regulation of emotions 8. production of melatonin

Back

astrocytes:

Front

bbb

Back

Neurolemmocyte:

Front

myelinates and insulates in the PNS

Back

vestibulocochlear

Front

cochlear: auditory vestibular: balance

Back