Section 1
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What are the symptoms of disorientation?
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Last updated
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Date created
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Cards (412)
Section 1
(50 cards)
What are the symptoms of disorientation?
lightheadedness, diziness, a feeling of instability
What does WAAS stand for?
wide area augmentation system. If we have a WAAS GPS we don't need other kind of nav instruments. If we have non-WAAS GPS we need other kind of nav instruments. The WAAS is interrogating how accurate our gps signal is and then feeding us gps information.
What must you do to maintain instrument currency?
Within the preceding 6 calendar months: 6 IFR approaches including holding, intercepting, and tracking by an electronic navigation system
What information does AHRS give?
AHRS think SAR slip skid attitude rate of turn we also have a magnetometer which gives us information for our HSI
What causes disorientation?
Disorientation is when our vision, vestibular system, and kinesthetic sense send conflicting messages to our brain.
What kind of distance does DME measure?
slant distance
Can you obtain your instrument currency from a flight training device?
Yes. But an authorized instructor must be present
Terminal VOR
found at major airports. altitude starts at 1000 feet and goes up to 12,000 feet. radius 25 nm
What are the five hazardous attitudes?
anti authority Impulsivity Invulnerability Macho Resignation
Can you file an IFR flight plan in VFR weather conditions?
Yes
What does RAIM stand for?
receiver autonomous integrity monitoring
How do the rudder, elevator, aileron work?
They are connected a series of cables running through pulleys connected to a bell crank
What is analytical decision making?
In analytical decision making we think the process through first. We recognize changes, gather information, examine options, and assess risk. This is different than naturalistic decision making in which we make decisions immediately with little analysis but still following established procedures.
What in our body senses yaw, pitch, and roll?
The semicircular canals which are part of the vestibular system
When does the ILS critical hold go into effect?
Visibility below 2sm Clouds below 800 feet ?
What information do you need to know before your IFR flight?
NW KRAFT
What instruments are in the pitot static system?
air speed indicator, vertical speed indicator, altimeter
How many satellites do we need for WAAS?
5 + 1 more
In AHRS we have an air data computer. What does this detect?
OAT, airspeed, attitude, and vertical speed
What kind of icing might disrupt the airflow the most?
Rime ice. However, clear ice is the most dangerous
What errors can the magnetic compass have?
V DODe variation deviation oscilalation dip error (ANDS, UNOS)
What is MDA?
MDA is minimum descent altitude and expressed in feet MSL. It is the lowest altitude you can go to until you see the required visual reference. Usually we will descend down to MDA, continue flight laterally and then go missed at the MAP if there are no visual cues. minimimum DESCENT altitude. Not decision
What things do we use in single pilot resource management?
hardware, human resources, weather information, NOTAMs
What information does our air data computer give?
outside air temperature airspeed altitude vertical speed
What causes vestibular disorientation?
Our vestibular system sending conflicting information. This is more likely to occur when our visibility is restricted.
You are going to file an IFR flight plan but will fly in VFR conditions. In this case do you need an IFR rating?
Yes
Tell me some vestibular illusions
coriolis illusion graveyard spiral leans somatogravic illusion inversion illusion
What is a missed approach?
Let's say we are making this transition to land but we find that visibility is too low so we can't make the approach. This would be a missed approach.
What is the analytical decision making process? DECIDE
detect a change, estimate how much to react, choose a desirable outcome, identify actions to control the change, do the action, evaluate the effect of the action
In IFR, you can go all the way down to minimums (DA, DH, MDA) without seeing a thing. But after getting to these minimums, what requirements must we meet to go lower?
We must be able to make a stabilized landing with normal maneuvers and a normal descent rate. The flight visibility must meet or exceed the minimum published flight visibility for the approach. We must be able to identify one an approved visual reference on the runway.
What are the three types of VORs?
VOR, VORTAC, and VOR with DME. These can be terminal, low, or high.
What two things can affect our situational awareness?
Stress (as well as fatigue and work overload) Complacency
Why is clear ice the worst kind of icing?
It's heaviest and hardest to see. It's also the hardest to get off
high VOR
1000 to 14,500 40 nm radius 14,500 to 18,000 100 nm radius 18,000 to 45,000 130 nm radius 45,000 to 60,000 100 nm radius
How do DA/DH and MDA differ?
DA is MSL. DH is AGL. MDA is MSL. In DA and DH you must make a missed approach if you don't see the visual references. In MDA you must wait until you see the visual references until you go lower and will go missed at the MAP.
When do we need alternates?
When the ceiling is below 2000 feet AGL and the visibility is below 3 sm at the destination airport 1 hr before or after our ETA.
If you go 12 months without maintaining your currency, what must you do?
Pass an instrument proficiency check
What kind of airframe does the c172 have?
semi monocoque aluminum structure
What are the fuel requirements for IFR?
We must get to the destination and (then an alternate if needed) plus 45 minutes at normal cruising speed
What instruments do we need for IFR flight?
GRAB CARDD generator/alternator radio (2 way radio) altimeter (that can be adjusted for barometric pressure) ball of the turn coordinator clock with sweeping second hand attitude indicator rate of turn indicator direction indicator DME above FL 240
When we lose communications what should we do?
First, go back to a previous frequency, turn radio on and off, squawk 7600. Enunciate throughout the issue even if no one can hear you. AVE F MEA Go to assigned heading Go to vectored heading Go to "expected" heading Go to the heading you filed As far as altitude, go to the highest among: minimum en route altitude "expected" altitude assigned altitude
What are precision approaches?
Approaches done by ILS. They have a localized for lateral guidance as well as a glide slope for vertical guidance.
What are the required inspections for IFR flying?
AV1ATES annual, VOR every 30 days, 100 hr, altimeter every 24 mo, transponder 24 mo, ELT 12 mo, pitot static system 24 mo
What do you need to get 100' below the touchdown zone?
Need to see white approach light system. Example would be CAT II or CAT I (the white lights we see at night before the runway). This only means we can go 100' above. We can't descend further without further cues.
What is DA? What is DH?
DA is decision altitude. Expressed in feet MSL. DH is decision height. Expressed in feet AGL. If you do not see the required visual reference at either must then initiate a missed approach.
What causes spatial disorientation?
Conflicting information between our central and peripheral vision
Low VOR
1000 feet to 18,000 feet. 40 nm radius
How can we overcome motion sickness in instrument flight?
Focus on the instrument panel
With hypemic hypoxia would you get blue lips or fingernails?
No. But with hypoxic yes, you could get blue lips or fingernails. This symptom can help distinguish the two.
What do you need to see to be able to land?
The runway threshold The runway or runway markings The runway lights The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings The touchdown zone lights The approach system's red terminating bars The threshold lights The runway end identifier lights VASIs or PAPIs
Section 2
(50 cards)
What kind of flaps does the c172 have?
single slotted flaps
If the audio panel isn't working can you use the autopilot?
No.
How many volts is our electrical system?
28 volts. This system is powered by a belt-driven 60 ampere alternator system. 24 volt main storage battery Power is supplied to the electrical circuits through two primary buses If the main battery and alternator both fail, we have a standby battery available to supply power to the essential bus
What kind of fuel system do we have?
We have two vented integral fuel tanks A three position selector valve fuel reservoir tank an electrically driven auxiliary fuel pump fuel shutoff valve and a fuel strainer Fuel flows from the wings to a three position fuel selector valve by gravity. From here it goes to reservoir tank. After the reservoir tank, it goes flows through the electrically driven auxiliary fuel pump and then to the engine driven fuel pump. From the engine driven fuel pump, it is delivered to the fuel/air control until on the bottom of the engine. It then goes through injector nozzles located in each chamber of each cylinder.
What kind of engine do we have?
We have a lycoming io 360 direct drive, fuel injected 4 stroke 4 cylinder horizontally opposed air cooled engine
During approach, at what point must the autopilot be disengaged?
200 feet AGL. (during other operations it must be disengaged at 800 feet AGL)
What kind of ignition system do we have?
We have 2 engine driven magnetos and 2 spark plugs on each cylinder
How many buseS are in the plane?
Six. Tip is in the question 2 primary, 2 avionics, 1 essential, and 1 crossfeed
Where does the air data computer get its information from?
The pitot static system
What kind of landing gear do we have?
Tricycle fixed landing gear
What kind of propeller do we have?
We have a McCauley Propeller Systems fixed pitch propeller
What should you do if AHRS fails?
Turn to east-west heading to minimize magnetic compass card errors. Before descending into the clouds make mixture full rich turn pitot heat on descend 500-800 fpm once out of the clouds resume normal flight
What drives the vacuum for our vacuum instruments?
The engine. Our standby attitude indicator is vacuum driven.
Where can icing occur?
Icing can occur in any type of cloud if the temperature is 0 degrees Celsius or less. Drizzle or rain at temperatures below freezing. Snow itself does not present an icing threat but it can be mixed with liquid water which can lead to icing.
What is the max hp for our plane?
180 hp at 2700 rpm
What is the maximum glide speed for this plane?
68 knots
What is the maximum oil temperature for this plane?
118 C
What is the maximum structural cruising speed for this plane?
129 knots. Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air and even then with caution.
how do we absorb shock on our main wheels?
By steel spring struts
What kind of brakes do we have?
Single steeled disc brakes which are hydraulically operated
What does the ALT STATIC AIR switch do?
It provides static air in the case the external static pressure source becomes blocked.
How soon will our stall horn go off?
It should go off 5 to 10 knots above stall speed
How is the G1000 kept cool?
It has four DC electric fans. These fans are powred when the master bat and bus 1 and bus 2 are all on.
What are signs of engine icing?
In a fixed pitch propeller we may see a reduction in RPMs. Engine could get rough and start to vibrate. Then performance will start to go down. Engine can even stop.
Your in a cloud and you notice all the sudden is running rough. What could this be?
Ice could be blocking the air intake filter Ice could be blocking the fuel injection air reference tubes Throttle should be positioned to get maximum RPM (this could even mean pulling it back sometimes) Mixture should also be adjusted for max RPMs
How much oil can we take?
9 quarts max. 5 quarts is the minimum but at least 6 quarts is recommended.
What kind of fuel system do we use?
We have a gravity fed fuel system. Our plane can hold a maximum of 56 gallons of fuel, 53 usable. We can use 100ll or 100 avgas so our fuel can be blue or green.
Why is rime ice bad?
It can affect the aerodynamics of the wing. If the ice accumulates it can make the plane heavy. It can form on engine inlets and affect the flow of air into the engine.
Tell me the icing procedures for this plane.
Pitot heat switch on Turn back or change altitude (confirm with ATC if on IFR flight plan) Cabin heat on Defroster control outlets open Cabin air control knob adjust
Where in our plane is our air data computer located?
Behind the instrument panel, just forward the multi function display.
What is the maneuvering speed for this plane?
98 knots
What should you do if your static source is blocked?
Turn on the alternate static source air valve (ALT STATIC AIR). This applies static air from the cabin. Keep in mind ASI and altimeter could read slightly higher, and VSI might momentarily show a climb.
What can we do if icing forms or is likely to form?
Pitot heat switch on If on an IFR flight plan, call ATC and request a descent or immediate 180 turn Turn back or descend Turn on cabin heat Defroster control outlets (for the windshield) Keep the engine running When landing may need higher power Don't flare quite as much on landing because the ice may increase stall speed
What does the pitot tube do?
It measures dynamic pressure. The static tube measures static pressure.
Tell me what different information the air data computer and the AHRS give.
Air data computer - ASI, VSI, altimter, OAT AHRS - HSI Magnetometer - HSI
What are the vacuum powered instruments? (What are the gyro instruments = same question)
HAT the heading indicator the attitude indicator the turn rate coordinator
What kind of battery do we have?
We have a 24v battery along with a 28v alternator.
What is clear ice?
Clear ice forms when the water droplets do NOT freeze instantly. Clear ice is heavy and dense. However it is also smoother than rime ice. It is harder to see. And it is harder to remove.
What is rime ice?
Rime ice forms when drops of water freeze onto a surface. Rime ice usually forms on leading edges. When the water freezes, it is rough and jagged. It is easy to see.
Do we have a carburetor or fuel injected system?
We have a fuel enjection system
How can ice affect your flight?
Reduced performance Loss of lift Loss of plane controllability Stalls Pitot tube and static vent blockage (making the ASI, VSI, and altimeter read wrong)
What are the three types of icing?
rime clear mixed
How can icing affect our engine?
Ice can form on the air intake blocking air needed for the fuel air mixture. Impact ice. Forms between -10C and 0C. Forms when visible moisture is present. Forms in heat valves, throttle plates.
Your alternate airport has a precision approach. What will be the weather minimums at the airport?
600 foot ceiling. 2sm visibility
What is vs1 for our plane?
53
What is Vso for our plane?
48 knots
Can you do an autopilot during a missed approach?
You can not use autopilot during a missed approach until a rate of climb ensuring all altitude requirements is established.
Are we wet sump or dry sump?
Wet sump
If your alternate airport has only VOR what are the weather minimums?
If it has only VOR is only has a non precision approach. This means I will need an 800 foot ceiling and 2 sm visibility at the airport at the time of arrival.
In our AHRS system, what replaces the gyros?
Accelerometers, tilt sensors, and rate sensors. The magnetometer also works along with the AHRS to give us heading information.
Section 3
(50 cards)
What are the dimensions of low altitude VORs?
1,000 feet to 18,000 feet with a 40nm radius.
Where does the glideslope intercept the OM?
1400' above airport elevation
What kind of air does the pitot static system use?
Static and ram pressure
Does the glide slope radiate along the back course?
No. The localized does but the glide slope only radiates forward, never back.
How many horsepower is the C172?
180 hp at 2700 rpm.
Day VFR (and ifr) required equipment
Tachometer, oil pressure gauge, manifold pressure gauge, altimeter, temperature gauge, oil temperature gauge Fuel gauge, landing gear position (x only if retractable), airspeed indicator, magnetic compass, ELT, safety belts
What are the three gyro instruments?
Heading indicator, attitude indicator, magnetic compass (?)
MARVELOUS VFR C500
Missed approach, airspeed change, reaching a holding fix, vfr on top altitude change, eta change of 3 minutes, leaving a holding fix, outer marker inbound, unforecasted weather, safety of flight compromised Vacating an altitude Final approach fix inbound Radio or nav failure Compulsory reporting point Can't main at least 500 fpm
Equipment needed for a night ifr flight
Tomato flakes Flaps Grab Cardd
When are RNAV approaches non precision?
Always.RNAV (LNAV) approaches are non precision. RNAV (LNAV/VNAV) and RNAV (LPV) approaches are approach with vertical guidance approaches. They are considered APV approaches and are non precision.
Vfe for flaps beyond 10 degrees
85
Low altitude VOR
18,000 and below with 40 radius
How far must you be from a DME for there to be no error?
1nm for every 1000 feet above the station
Where does the glide slope intercept the MM?
200' above touch down zone elevation. It marks the decision height
Your forward and aft avionics fans are not working. Can you fly?
No. These are needed for all operations. Need at least one of each.
Vs1 (with no flaps you can stall at this speed)
48
A pilot is making an ILS approach. You already have the VASI in sight. The electronic glide slope then malfunctions. May he continue the approach?
Yes. The VASI is one of the ten visual cues. Since he already has it in sight he can continue the approach and use the VASI in place of the electronic glide slope.
Equipment needed specifically for night
Fuses, landing light, anti collision lights, position lights, source of electricity
What types of operations are allowed in the C172?
VFR, ifr day and night. Flight into known icing conditions however is prohibited
Maximum takeoff and landing weight
2550 pounds
What is a full deflection of a localized?
2.5 degrees off the centerline
Vfe for first notch of flaps
110
What kind of propeller does the C172 have?
McCauley propeller systems fixed pitch 2 blade propeller.
You are told to descend "at pilot's discretion." How fast should you descend?
At an optimum rate consistent with the operating characteristics of the aircraft to 1,000 feet within the assigned altitude. After this the final descent should be between 500 and 1500 fpm.
What kind of fuel does the C172 use?
100LL which is blue or 100 which is green. Isopropyl alcohol (for combustion) or Diethylene Glycol Monomythel Ether (for lubricity) can be added to the fuel.
How accurate are VOR radials?
Excellent. Plus minus 1 degree
What is the oil capacity of the C172?
9 quarts.
Empty weight of the C172.
What is a drawback of VOR?
It is line of sight
Vne
163
What kind of approaches are RNAV approaches?
RNAV approaches can be either APV (approach with vertical guidance) or non precision.
When can timed approaches be done?
A control tower is in operation at the airport where approaches are conducted. Direct communication is maintained between the pilot and the center. If more than one missed approach procedure is available, none require a course reversal. If only one missed approach procedure is available then course reversal is not required, reported ceiling and visibility are equal to or greater than the highest prescribed minimums for the IAP. Pilots should not execute a procedure turn when cleared for the approach.
Vso (you'll stall slower than this speed)
40
What kind of oil do we use in the C172?
After running the engine for 50 hours, we use Mil-L-6082 or SAE J1966 aviation grade straight mineral oil.
Vno (maximum speed when air is turbulent)
129 (think one to nine)
What is an initial approach fix?
An initial approach fix is where the initial approach segment of an instrument approach begins.
What are the three types of VOR?
VOR, VOR DME, VORTAC (which uses military equipmet)
How are fly over way points and fly by way points different?
With a flyover waypoint we start out turn once we reach the point. We must reach the point first before starting a turn. (put in a circle on charts) With a fly by waypoint we begin our turn before reaching the point.
Terminal VOR
12,000, and below with 25 mm radius
Lowest possible and highest possible oil pressure
20 psi to 115 psi
What instrument does the pitot tube connect to?
The air speed indicator
Max Oil Temperature
245 F (118 C)
What is a final approach fix?
The final approach fix starts the last segment when coming into the airport. It is designated either by a maltese cross symbol (x) for nonprecision approaches or a lightning bolt for precision approaches.
Your PFD and MFD fan are not operating. Can you still fly?
Yes
What is the turning radius for the C172?
At least 27 feet and 5.5 inches. This is the minimum turning radius. It could be more.
What do you need to do descend below your MDA at an airport?
stabilized approach. flight visibility meets what is published for the instrument approach procedure. A visual reference: threshold, threshold markings or lights touchdown zone, tdz markings or lights runway, runway markings or lights approach light system runway end lights visual end lights visual approach slope indicator
What does a localized do?
It provides lateral guidance to help line us up with the centerline of the runway.
At an airport with a precision approach you see the white approach light system. How low can you go?
I can descend to 100 feet above the threshold elevation. After this I need the following to descend further a stablized approach visibility meeting what is published in the instrument approach procedure One of the following visual references: threshold, threshold markings or lights touchdown zone, tdz markings or lights runway, runway markings or lights approach light system runway end lights visual end lights visual approach slope indicator
What are the dimensions of terminal VORs?
1000 to 12,000 feet with a 25 mm radius.
When is DMe error the lowest?
Low altitudes and far distances
Section 4
(50 cards)
ELT
Our ELT uses a solid state 2 frequency transmitter which is powered by an internal lithium battery.
How do the rudders steer the nose wheel?
Through a spring loaded steering bungee which is connected to the nose wheel and the rudder bars
Tell me about our plane's fuel injection system.
The fuel injection system has an engine driven fuel pump, fuel and air control unit, fuel manifold, fuel flow indicator, and air bleed type injector nozzles. The fuel manifold tubes deliver to the fuel air mixture to the cylinders.
How can you fulfill instrument recency in both an atd and plane?
This is same as in an atd alone but now you have 6 months instead of two. Using a plane as well gives you four more months, but you must also do the extra atd requirements. 2x3=6 hits 2 up 2 down In the last 2 months: 3 hours instrument experience 6 instrument approaches Holding procedures and tasks Intercepting and tracking with navigation systems 2 unusual attitude recoveries from descending 2 unusual attitude recoveries from ascending
When can fuel vapor occur in the c172?
When the temperature is above 80f When the engine is ar lower settings such as taxi or idle onthe ground
What does the airdata computer calculate?
Outside air temperature, airspeed, true airspeed, vertical airspeed, pressure altitude
What is the fuel return system for?
It helps cool the fuel in the plane and this helps decrease fuel vapor in hot weather. During hot temperatures a small amount of fuel/vapor is sent to the reservoir tank. The increased flow helps decreases the fuel temperature.
What gives the horizontal situational indicator its information?
The AHRS and magnetometer units.
What kind of landing gear system do we have?
The tricycle type with a steerable nose wheel and two main wheels. Shock absorption is provided by the tubular spring main wheel struts and the nose wheel shock struts. We also have hydraulically operated disc type brakes.
7-30 to
7-80
How does our AHRS provide heading info?
A magnetometer in the left wing works with the AHRS to give heading information.
What kind of ailerons do we have?
We have conventional hinged ailerons constructed of forward spar containing balance weights, formed sheet metal ribs and V type corrugated aluminum skin.
Can you fly without a clock being in the plane?
No. You need a clock for ifr flight. For vfr flight it's ok to be without.
You don't have your VHF com. Can you fly?
If it is VFR yes. If it is IFR no. You need 1 VHF com for IFR night and day.
Do we need the fuel pump on during takeoff and landing?
No, because the gravity system will provide enough fuel.
What is the auxiliary fuel pump used for?
To suppress vapor in hot weather. To prime the engine. If its on too long though with the engine off, the engine may be flooded. It is ok to keep it on though during cruise with the engine on.
Where is the air data computer?
Just behind the mfd
What does putting the throttle to 1800 rpm do?
It increases fuel flow and helps cool the engine
Is it ok to have the avionics switch (bus 1 and 2) on during engine start?
No. If we have this on it can cause damage to our avionics when we start our engine.
If you get fuel vapor during taxi, what should you do?
Increase the throttle 1800 to 2000 rpm for about 2 minutes Move the throttle to idle to verify smooth operations Advance the throttle to 1200 rpm and lean Before takeoff should do full throttle for 10 seconds to guarantee the engine is running well
If AHRS fails, will autopilot still work?
No. If AHRS fails, autopilot will not work and we must fly by hand.
Tell me a out the plane's electrical system.
We have a 28 volt direct current system powered by a belt driven 60 amp alternator. A 24 volt battery is inside the engine cowling. There is a standby battery located between the firewall and the instrument panel.
What is the normal operating temperature range for our cylinder heads?
200 to 500 f
From where does the air data computer get its information?
The pitot static system
What is the max crosswind component of the c172 during takeoff and landing?
15 knots
What gives the AHRS its information?
Accelerometers, tilt sensors, and rate sensors. (These are used instead of spinning gyros). A magnetometer in the left wing works with the AHRS to give heading information.
What is TAWS-B?
Terrain Awareness and Warning System. We can use it as an aid to avoid terrain and obstacles. Use of it as our primary way to avoid terrain and obstacles though is prohibited.
Your standby battery is inop. Can you fly?
Yes. You can fly without your standby bat and evenstandby ammeter being inoperative. However, you do need your main battery, main ammeter, and alternator.
Best glide speed
68 knots
Can you log instrument time in vfr weather?
Yes, if the flight is done solely in reference to instruments.
What should we do with our lights when flying through clouds?
Turn off our strobe lights and flashing beacon. Not doing so can cause vertigo.
During fuel sump you find contamination, what should you do?
Keep on sumping to see if the contamination leaves. If after repeated sumping it still comes out contaminated, a qualified maintenance personnel should drain and purge the fuel system.
What powers the standby attitude indicator?
The vacuum system.
What is the C172's service ceiling?
14,000 feet
How many kinds of fuel pumps does the c172 have?
Two. The auxiliary electric pump is on the bottom of the fuel reservoir tank. The engine driven fuel pump delivers the fuel air mixture to the fuel/air mixture control.
When can you log instrument time?
When flight is solely in reference to instruments. Doesn't have to be actual ifr conditions, it can be simulated.
Who can be a safety pilot?
Private pilot, appropriate category and class, adequate vision forward and to the side. Aircraft must have a dual control system.
Are you allowed to have the autopilot on during takeoff and landing?
In our plane no.
In turbulent air, what is the max speed you should fly the C172?
105 knots if our plane weight is 2550 pounds. 98 knots 2220 pounds. 90 knots 1900 pounds.
Fuel pressure normal range for the c172
50 to 90 psi
What cools the engine?
Ram air and baffles along the engine.
If your engine fails during flight, what should you do?
1. 68 knots best glide speed 2. Fuel shut off valve push in 3. Fuel selector valve both 4. Fuel pump switch on 5. Mixture control rich 6. Magnetos switch to start
Why should we fill the tanks after each flight?
To prevent condensation
You suspect your static source is blocked. What should you do?
If a plane system has a failure, what will show up on the g1000?
A red x
Is the C172 wet dump or dry sump?
Wet sump, using aviation grade oil as the lubricant. The capacity of the sump is 8 quartz.
Your standby airspeed indicator is inop. Can you fly?
No. The standby airspeed indicator must be working for ifr flight. For VFR ok to fly without. This is also true for other standby flight instruments (altimeter, attitude indicator.
Can you fly without there being an alternate static air source?
For VFR yes you can. For ifr however you can not. You need an alternate static air source and an alternate induction system to fly IFR.
*How can you fulfill instrument recency in solely an atd (approved PC based flight simulator)?
2x3=6 hits 2 up 2 down In the last 2 months: 3 hours instrument experience 6 instrument approaches Holding procedures and tasks Intercepting and tracking courses with a navigation system 2 unusual attitude recoveries from descending 2 unusual attitude recoveries from ascending
What cools the avionics?
Fans...
Section 5
(50 cards)
How does DME obtain distance information?
The aircraft DME sends out signals to ground based DME stations. The aircraft DME then measures the time between the signals. This time is then converted to slant distance in nm.
How does WAAS work?
Signals from GPS satellites are received at wide area reference stations. The information at the reference stations is forwarded to a WAAS master station. The master station then gives messages through geostationary satellites that allow WAAS GPS receivers to remove errors in the GPS signal. Position accuracy of 3 meters 95% of the time.
Can the entire ipc be done in a simulator?
If it's full motion then yes.
Do you need an ATC clearance for an ODP?
No. But for a SID yes.
GPS overlay approach
Will have "or" in the title
Terminal VOR radius
25 mm TErminal TwEnty five
After the 6 months pass and before the 12 months, who can you get current with?
A safety pilot An instructor A pilot examiner
Why are the ai, hi, tc considered to be "gyro" instruments?
Because they all contain gyros. When this gyro is spun quickly it becomes rigid in space. This makes it stay in place as the plane goes around it.
What are the two errors of Traditional altimeter?
Nonstandard temperature and nonstandard pressure. Cold it thinks we're higher. Low pressure, it thinks we're higher.
Is a visual approach an ifr approach?
Yes, but they are conducted in vfr conditions
Contact approach
An approach which allows a pilot to deviate from the approach course and then make a descent to landing using visual reference to the surface
Can ATC issue a contact approach?
No. Not unless the pilot requests it
WAAS
Wide-Area Augmentation System is satellite navigation that augments GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS); provides enhanced integrity, accuracy, availability, and continuity over and above GPS SPS.
When is DME error highest?
When we are right above the station. This is because the distance is given as slant distance. Right above the station it is actually giving us vertical altitude instead of horizontal range.
How are a pilot nav sid and a vector sid different?
Pilot nav sid - pilot flies charted routes. Minimal radio communication. Vector sid - pilot is vectored by ATC. The route therefore isn't published.
When is DME error the lowest?
Lower altitudes and far distances.
Attitude indicator errors
Nose up during rapid acceleration Nose down during rapid deceleration
We fly into an area of low pressure but stay level. What will our altimeter read?
The altimeter will show a climb as we go from higher pressure to lower pressure if we don't adjust the altimeter.
Magnetic compass errors
Variation, deviation, dip errors, acceleration and deceleration error, oscillation error
What is the vsi really measuring?
The rate of pressure change. Like the altimeter, it is made of an aneroid. Around the aneroid is a case. Differences in pressure between the case and the aneroid gives us readings on our vsi.
What is ram air used to measure?
Air speed
What are the two characteristics of gyroscopes?
Rigidity and precession
What are the visual requirements for a contact approach?
Vfr minimums. 3sm, 2000 foot ceiling
High VOR radius
40 100 i looks like 1 130 g rhymes with 3 100
What are the gyroscopic instruments?
Ai hi tc Attitude indicator Heading indicator Turn coordinator Don't get an attitude, change your heading and turn around Mr. Gyro.
Do VORTACS always contain DME distance information?
Yes. DME is always an integral part of a VORTAC.
What are VOR radial numbers in reference to?
Magnetic north. This means if you're flying along r-90 your heading must be then either 90 or 270 degrees if no wind.
What does the pitot tube connect to?
Only to the asi
Vsi error
6 second delay. Not simultaneous. When blocked, indications can be more sluggish. Turbulence readings can be faulty. DBT delay, blocked, turbulence
How is a hsi different from a heading indicator?
An HSI combines the magnetic compass with nav signals and glide slopes. The HSI can tell us location in reference to a course chosen.
If a VOR doesn't have its coded identification, can you use it for navigation?
No. If it doesn't have its coded identification, it is out of service and should not be used for navigation.
What is a visual approach?
Visual approaches are issued by atc when the weather permits to allow the pilot to continue to the airport using visual rules.
What can be a drawback of VORs?
They are line of sight. At a lower altitude the range will usually be less because the signal can be blocked.
Who can you do an ipc with?
Cfii or examiner
How many magnets are in the MC?
Two
How wide is a localizer course?
5 degrees
What are the visual requirements for a contact qpproach?
1 mile visibility, clear of clouds
What is a sensitive altimeter made up of?
Evacuated, corrugated bronze aneroid capsules. As air pressure changes the thickness of the capsules change. The change in thickness moves gears to change the altitudes
How will you know a VOR is out of service?
The coded identification will be removed and not transmitted.
How many ground based stations does WAAS have?
38
How is a turn coordinator different from a turn and slip indicator?
The turn coordinator can sense both roll and yaw. The turn and slip indicator can sense only yaw.
How far away from a DME should we be for minimal error?
1 nm horizontally for every 1000 feet vertically. So that means if I my altitude is 7000 feet above the DME station I should then be at least 7nm away from the station for more accurate distance information.
Which way does the localizer radiate?
Both forward and back. It makes a front course and back course.
What is oscillation error?
Oscillation error is the magnetic compass swinging back and forth around the heading being flown.
Low VOR radius
40 nm l0w 40
When does full deflection of the localizer occur?
2.5 degrees. (The course total width is 5 degrees)
What is the airspeed indicator made of?
Like the vsi and altimeter, airspeed indicator has an aneroid. The airspeed indicator has a thin bronze aneroid. When pitot pressure increases this aneroid expands and shows up as an increase in airspeed.
What is a STAR?
A star serves a transition from the en route area to a fix at which
What does the static port connect to?
The asi, vsi, altimeter
How accurate is WAAS?
Within 3 meters 95% of the time WAAS needs 5 satellites to work
Section 6
(50 cards)
How often are DPs and STARs revised?
Every 56 days
How do mountain waves form?
By stable air passing through ridge of a mountain and therefore making ridge/waves in the air
How often are enroute charts updated?
Every 56 days.
What does the sometimes used inner mark signify?
Decision height altitude if we are on the glide slope for a category II is approach
What does "T" in the upper right of a navaid box stand for?
TWEB
Cat 1 2 and 3 approach differences
Cat 1 - can do with instrument rating. Decision height is 200' above tdze Cat 2 - requires special training and aircraft. Decision height is 100' above tdze Cat 3 - requires special training, more features in aircraft, and specific ground equipment. No decision height
You went diving and did not require a controlled ascent. How long should you wait to fly 8'000 feet or lower?
12 hours
Freezing rain
Big layer aloft of above freezing Small layer of freezing near the surface
How can we avoid/treat hypoxia while in the plane?
Go to a lower altitude Make an emegency descent Use supplemental oxygen
When should you not make a procedure turn?
Radar vectored to a final approach course Timed approach from a holding fix "No PT" is written on the approach
If there is snow, what kind of temperature is above?
Freezing. Snow indicates freezing temperatures throughout
If an MEA and MOCA are listed, what's the lowest you can go?
You can go below the MEA when both are listed.
What is TWEB?
Transcribed WEather Broadcast It will tell us the weather within a 50 nm radius around a fss Valid for 12 hours and updated four times a day
What can cause turbulence?
convective air currents, obstructions to wind flow, wind shear
ice pellets
Shallow layer of non freezing above Deep layer down to the surface of freezing
How is hiwas different from tweb?
Both will be indicated by an h or t in the navaid box respectively. They are both sources of inflight However, hiwas will tell us specifically about hazardous weather.
What happens to the middle ear during a descent
Its pressure could become lower than outside pressure. This would make the ear drum bulge inward
What three systems do we use to know our orientation in space?
Visual - the eyes Vestibular - the inner ears. Detect acceleration, roll Kinesthetic - movement and position perceived through muscles and nerves
If two isobars are close together, what kind of wind can we expect?
Strong winds
Let's say you're flying in a mountainous area and there are no minimums en route. What's the lowest you could fly?
I will need to be at least 2000 feet over the highest obstacle within 4nm of my course. If nonmountainous, it is 1000 feet.
What happens to the middle ear during a climb?
Its pressure may become higher than the pressure of our ears. This will make the ear drum bulge out
What do you need to fly in a controlled airspace under ifr?
An ifr flight plan An ATC clearance
What do we need for thunderstorms to occur?
Sufficient water vapor Unstable air Lifting mechanism
Types of Hypoxia
Hypoxic: not enough oxygen for the lungs (too high) Hypemic: not enough oxygen in the blood (c02) Stagnant: blood not flowing well enough (too many g's) Histoxic: cells innefectively using oxygen (alcohol)
Are cold or warm fronts faster?
Cold fronts are faster. If one catches up to a warm front it is called an occluded front.
What are the 5 atmospheric spheres?
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
What kind of air can we expect within inversions?
Smooth air with very little turbulence
Where does the glide slope intercept the middle marker?
200' above runway elevation Middle (200 because 2 is the middle between 1 and 3)
Where is the glide slope equipment located?
750'-1250' down from the approach end of the runway 400'-600' to one side of the centerline
Where does the glide slope intercept the outer marker?
1400' above runway elevation ouTer fourTeen hundred
Where does the middle marker lie along the glide slope?
3500' horizontally from the touchdown zone
When your equipment malfunctions, what should you state?
Aircraft id, affected equipment, degree to which to fly under ifr is impaired, degree of assistance needed
What are symptoms of co2 poisoning?
Headache, blurred vision, drowsiness, loss of muscle power
What is RAIM?
It is the GPS receiver's ability to verify the integrity of the signals received
What forces affect the movement of wind?
The pressure gradient force Friction The coriolis effect (deflection to the right)
Where does the outer marker lie along the localizer?
The location where one would intercept the glide slope if they are at the right altitude while following the localizer
You went diving and had a controlled ascent and/or will fly above 8,000'. How long should you wait to fly?
24 hours
What kind of equipment malfunction should you report?
NAC Nav, approach, communication equipment
How can Co2 get in the plane?
Heater vents Defrost vents
How much does temperature decrease with altitude?
2c for each 1000'
What are the symptoms of hypoxia?
Feeling euphoric and carefree. Extremities less responsive. Flying becomes less coordinated. Vision narrows. Headache, drowsiness, numbness.
Does all turbulence occur in clouds?
No. Clear air turbulence for example won't have much clouds. It will usually occur at higher altitudes along with wind shears.
Where is the middle marker located?
3500' from the touchdown zone 200' above runway elevation
What three things need to be met in order to ensure obstacle clearance in a DP?
Clear the runway end by at least 35' Climb at least 200' per nautical mile Climb to 400' above airport elevation before making a turn
Symptoms of hyperventilation
Headache, delayed reactions, drowsiness, muscle spasms
Where should you expect turbulence with cumuliform clouds?
In and below cumuliform clouds there will be convective turbulence
Does the back course have a marker beacon?
Yes, and like the inner marker marker beacon it emits a high pitched tone and white light.
Do we have to tune into the glide slope and localizer frequencies separately?
No. They will be paired together. When we tune into the localizer we automatically tune into the glide slope too.
What is the middle ear?
It is a small cavity located in the bone of the skull. Middle ear problems occur when there is a difference in the pressure of the middle ear and the pressure outside. This can be extremely painful.
If there is an inner marker, where is it?
Between the middle marker and the landing threshold
Section 7
(50 cards)
Do you need dual controls for simulated instrument instruction?
Yes, except for when student is private pilot, instructor determines its ok, therr is a single functioning throwover control.
C
Mode c transponder
Where is the middle marker located?
200 feet above touch down zone elevation if you're on the glide slope
What color light is the inner marker?
white
L O T
ils, for, and tacan
How are LPV and LNAV/VNAV different?
LPV becomes increasingly sensitive, however LNAV/VNAV doesn't.
What is LPV?
localizer with vertical guidance
What are the 3 thunderstorm types?
Single cell Multi cell Super cell
What is the order of preference for VOR checks?
VOT (faa approved signal at departure airport), groundbased VOR checkpoint at an airport, an airborne check point not listed in preference order is the dual VOR check
What 6 things do you need for an instrument rating?
private pilot certificate English receive and log ground training receive and log flight training pass the knowledge test pass the practical test
How many flight plans do you need for a composite flight?
At least two. At least 1 for ifr and at least one for vfr
5/8-7/8th cloud coverage
Broken
Who publishes GPS NOTAMs?
ARTCC Special Notices
When flying in vmc under an ifr flight plan, whose responsibility is it to avoid traffic?
The pilot's. Whenever flying under vmc, pilot is required to see and avoid.
What is the airport elevation number?
It is the highest point on the airport's usable runway
Where will vectors take us?
Somewhere between the iaf (initial approach fix) and the intermediate fix (if) and the
What do you need to pass through an active restricted area while on an ifr flight plan?
An ATC clearance
The DH is given in AGL. What is the "ground" or surface for this altitude though?
The TDZE. The TDZE is the highest point in the first 300 feet of the runway
You see tempo on a TAF. How long will the condition last?
Less than an hour
When can icing occur?
Temperature is at or below freezing Visible moisture is present
What is frost?
Frost is like cold dew. Air near the surface cools to the dew point. When this happens, the air condenses and the moisture collects on the ground and objects. if the temperature is above freezing we get dew. If its below freezing we get frost.
What's an acceptable amount of bank for the plan on the AI when taxiing?
5
If you don't have an altimeter setting within 100 nm of you, what should you choose?
Elevation of departure station
From the surface to 1200 feet AGL what are the day visibility requirements in G?
1 sm and clear of clouds
From 1200 AGL to 9999 msl what are the day visibility requirements for G?
1sm 500-1000-2000
What is tower en route control (TEC)?
This helps expedite planes between approach areas. usually for planes flying under 10,000'. If we want TEC, we should put it in the remarks section of our flight plan.
Do you have to accept an ifr clearance?
Not initially. You can request an amendment. In fact, if the clearance will put you in jeopardy, it's your responsibility (not their's) to request a different clearance.
Where are localizers located?
The far end of the runway
Is LPV considered precision?
No. LPV is very similar to ILS, but it is based on WAAS. Therefore it is not considered precision, but rather approach with vertical guidance (APV).
Can you still do a procedure turn when vectored?
If ATC requests it then it can happen, but otherwise procedure turns aren't usually done when being vectored
R
PBN based aircraft
How much area does a TAF cover?
5 sm radius around the airport
1/8 to 3/8 cloud coverage
Few
Where is the outer marker located?
3,500 from the threshold. It is the FAF for nonprecision, and it is where you will intercept the glide slope on precision.
What do you need for ifr in B?
2 way radio transponder altitude reporting equipment VOR receiver or TACAN receiver or RNAV system
Where can TEC routes be found?
In the chart supplement
3/8-4/8 cloud coverage
Scattered
What color light will flash at the middle marker?
amber
When can you cancel an ifr flight plan?
Outside of A and in VFR conditions.
Where is the inner marker located?
The decision height
What is zfr?
A flight plan that starts out vfr and becomes ifr.
What is a speci?
A speci is given at any time to update a metar because of changing weather
What color light will flash at an outer marker?
Blue
S
Standard equipment: vhf, vor, ils
If you receive a cruise altitude clearance, where can you fly?
From the lowest ifr altitude up to the cruise altitude.
C172's wake turbulence category
L for light
What is yfr?
A flight flight plan that starts out ifr and then becomes vfr
Who do we contact to cancel an ifr flight plan?
fss or atc facility
What is a composite flight?
ifr then vfr or vfr then ifr
How is frost dangerous?
Disrupts air flow, reduces lift, increases drag.
Section 8
(50 cards)
Can the ear (the semicircular canals) detect prolonged turns?
No. They can only detect turns for about 20 seconds. After about 20 seconds, the motion of the fluid in the canals catches up with the canal walls and the hairs no longer bend.
What is DVFR on a flight plan?
For when we're crossing borders
Your localizer has (Y) next to it. What does this mean?
There are DME capabilities
What do you need for an instrument rating? (8)
PPL certificate Read, speak, write, and understand English Receive and log ground training Receive and log flight training Receive a logbook endorsement for the written Receive logbook endorsement to take the practical test Pass the written test Pass the practical test
What can be used to substitute an outer marker? What can be used to substitute marker beacons?
compass locator, precision radar, DME VOR or NDB fix, an RNAV system in conjunction with a fix
When do we ascend for a higher minimum?
After passing the point where that new minimum will apply
Do you need a safey pilot when doing recency requirements (66 hits) in actual instrument weather?
No. But in visual weather conditions you will need a safety pilot so you can go under the hood
What is the outer marker?
This is where the aircraft should intercept the glide slope. There will be a blue flashing light in our panel and is located 4-7 nm from the runway
how many feet per nautical mile will the glide slope have you descend?
300' per nautical mile That is the 3 degree glide slope So that means one nautical mile out we will be 300' above the tdze
What things can cause motion sickness?
anxiety, stress, brain conflicting mesage
When is an IFR alternative not required?
When 1 hour before or after ETA the weather will be consistently greater than 2000' and visibility greater than 3sm.
Do we want to do missed approaches with icing?
No. We should do our best to avoid doing a missed approach during icing because the icing will likely reduce our climb performance.
If you lose radios but are cleared for an approach when should you start the approach?
At the efc. if you dont have that do it at the eta. if you're early do a hold
Where can we find preferred routes?
the chart supplement fly.faa.gov
What four things must we report when there is a malfunction?
aircraft id, equipment affected, degree to which our capability to fly ifr has been compromised, extent of assistance needed
Where is the localizer?
At least 250' from the far end of the runway on the runway extended center line
What IFR reports must you make only when not in radar?
ETA change +/- 3 minutes Outer marker inbound Final approach fix inbound Compulsory reporting points
How high does the localizer signal go?
4500'
Will saying "minimum fuel" get you traffic priority?
No, not nescessary. Declare an emergency if you need traffic priority
FLAPS
fuses, landing lights, anti collision lights, position lights, source of power
Is "minimum fuel" an urgency or distress call?
urgency. saying "minimum fuel" isn't deemed an emergency
How are urgency and distress different?
In urgency we don't have immediate danger but still require prompt assistance. We can say pan pan 3 times. An example would be low fuel. In distress we have imminent danger and need immediate assistance. We can say mayday 3 times.
When there is no prescribed altitude in ifr, how low can you go?
If we are in a mountainous area, we can go 2000 feet over the highest obstacle within 4nm of our course to be flown Nonmountainous, 1000 over highest obstacle within 4nm
What is a compass locator?
A low powered NDB which is collocated at the outer and middle marker
What should you do when no VOR check signal is available?
Select a VOR on the centerline of a VOR airway Select a ground point along the radial and maneuver directly over it Note the VOR bearing The error should be within +/- 6 degrees
How are speeds determined for categories?
1.3 x Vs0 Vs0 of our aircraft is 40 knots Vs1 is 48 knots
Is there an inner marker for category 1?
No. Inner marker is for category 2
What does CO2 do?
It prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen to the cells. This can lead to hypemic hypoxia.
Vs0 of C172
40 knots
There are things in our ears that detect motion. What are these things?
The semicircular canals and the otolith organs
How long does it take the body to get rid of Co2?
48 hours
When do we do radar approaches?
distress situation
What must we record in a VOR check?
place, amount of error, date, signature
How often is the A/FD (chart supplement) issued?
Every 8 weeks by NACO (national aeronautical charting office)
Vs0 of C172
48 knots
MARVELOUS VFR C500
Missed approach Airspeed +/- 10 knots or 5% of filed TAS Reaching a holding fix (time and altitude) VFR on top altitude change ETA +/- 3 minutes (nonradar) Leaving a holding fix Outer marker inbound (nonradar) Unforecasted weather Safety of flight Vacating an altitude Final approach fix inbound (nonradar) Radio failure Compulsory reporting points (nonradar) Can't maintain 500 fpm
What do the otolith organs detect?
linear acceleration and gravity
How can CO2 get in the cabin?
aircraft heater vents, defrost vents. A lot can get in especially when the engine exhaust system has a leak
What three things does our plane have to combat icing?
Pitot tube heat Window defrosters Induction air alternate opening
How does the induction air alternate opening work?
If the air induction filter becomes blocked, the engine will create suction that opens an alternate door. This alternate door will let in air from inside the lower cowl area. This air however will be unfiltered and there will be about a 10% power loss at full throttle.
How often are enroute charts, approach charts, STARs, departures revised?
Every 56 days
When does the ELT need to be inspected? When must it be replaced?
After 12 calendar months it must be inspected. After 1/2 of its battery life or 1 hour of use, it should be replaced.
When should you not do a procedure turn?
radar vectored timed approach from a holding fix "No PT" is written
When reading a holding fix what must you report?
Time and altitude
What should you do when a gyroscopic instrument fails?
switch to an alternate display or cover it Notify atc
For parallel ILS how much separation must ATC give you?
1.5 miles one and one half
If you lose equipment that you aren't using do you need to report it to ATC?
Yes
The semicircular canals are in the ears. What do they detect?
angular acceleration
A TOMATO FLAMES (required for all operations)
altimeter, tachometer, oil pressure gauge, manifold pressure gauge airspeed indicator, temperature gauge, oil temperature gauge, fuel gauge landing gear position indicator, anti collision lights, magnetic compass, ELT, safety belts
Can you still use autopilot when a gyroscopic instrument fails?
Yes
Section 9
(50 cards)
What is relative humidity?
Relative humidity is how close air is to being saturated. 100% relative humidity means the air is saturated. As air gets colder it can't hold as much moisture and relative humidity goes up.
What kind of clouds can make the most icing?
Cumuliform clouds can make the most icing. Statiform clouds would make the least icing.
What is density altitude?
Pressure altitude corrected for temperature deviations
What kind of slope do cold fronts have?
Cold fronts have steep slope. Warm air is forced abruptly upward. This leads to showers and thunderstorms.
How long are SIGMETs valid for?
Four hours. SIGMETs are not issued regularly. They are only issued if there is severe weather.
How is a ridge shown on a prog chart?
With a slightly zig zagged line
What happens to density altitude as air density goes up?
As air density goes up, density altitude goes down. Denver would have a high density altitude
Line dot dot Line dot dot Line dot dot on a prog chart
squall line
Where can wind shears form?
Any altitude, but also across temperature inversion layers.
How long is a TWEB forecast valid?
12 hours updated 4 times a day
Is warm air more or less dense?
Less dense
What happens to performance as density altitude goes up?
Performance goes down. The engine has less air to take in, there is less thrust due to less air, lift goes down
Name of chart that shows cloud coverage with the circles as well as fronts
Weather depiction chart
What information is given on TWEB?
route forecast. forecast outlook, winds aloft The information is for a an area within 50 nm
What happens to pressure as a front approaches?
Pressure drops as the front approaches, and then increases after the front passes
Front line with dashes and the frontal type on every other dash
The dissipation or weakening of a front
Tell me what an isothermal layer is
An isothermal layer is a layer within the atmosphere where the temperature remains constant with height. The tropopause is a isothermal layer
What can we expect in a temperature inversion?
Stable air, very little turbulence
What is LLWS?
light level wind shear, this is a sudden change in direction and speed of wind
How do drylines moves?
Eastward during the afternoon and then westward at night
What are isobars?
Lines of equal pressure
Front line with dashes instead of a solid line
A developing front. The initial formation of the front
What is the chart with pressure systems called?
A prog chart
What happens as a dryline passes?
humidity drops sharply, the skies clear, winds shift
OV UKW040030
30nm out on the 040 radial of the UKW VOR
How are TAFs and FAs (area forecasts) different?
TAFs are for terminal areas (airports). FAs are for one of only 6 larger areas in the contiguous 48 states.
When is supercooled water common?
On a hot day, is density altitude high or low?
High. As temperature goes up, so does density altitude
How are a full deflection of a VOR and localizer different?
full deflection of a VOR is 10 degrees full deflection of a localizer is 5 degrees
Where is the coriolis effect the greatest? Where is it the least?
It is the greatest at the poles. It is the least (zero in fact) at the equator.
What happens to air as it heats up?
It expands
What are the lines of pressure on prog charts called?
Isobars
OV EMG 141012
12 nm out on the 141 degree radial or degree line of EMG
What information is given over HIWAS?
airmets, sigmets, convective sigmets HIWAS information is published over selective navaids
Does density altitude affect indicated airspeed?
No. It affects only true air speed and ground speed. Therefore we can't detect density altitude through airspeed indicator.
GR on a METAR
hail
What happens to density as air warms up?
Density goes down
What does a dryline signify?
Moist air usually to the east (the right) and dry air to the west (the left)
When do temperature inversions typically form?
Over land on clear nights when the wind is light
When choosing a flight plan route, what should we avoid?
One that says "jet" in it
GS on a METAR
small hail
What do microbursts do to us?
First a headwind, then a strong downwind, then a tailwind
In standard conditions, what does density altitude equal?
Field elevation
When must ATC solicit PIREPS from pilots?
When the ceiling is below 5,000 feet or visibility is below 5sm
where does clear air turbulence occur?
20-50,000'
When is clear icing more likely to occur and not rime icing?
warmer temperatures, higher liquid in the air, larger droplets
When does super cooled water freeze?
Not until -40C
In what frequency range do VORs operate?
108 to 117.95
What makes wind parallel to contours?
The coriolis effect bonus: wind parallel to contours is called geostrophic wind
What does a warm mass moving over a cold surface produce?
Stable air with stratiform clouds, fog, light drizzle
Section 10
(50 cards)
Are slow moving or fast moving cold fronts shallower?
Slow moving cold fronts are shallower. (think S, S, slow and shallow). Fast moving cold fronts are steeper.
When isobars are far apart, is the pressure gradient weak or strong?
Weak and we can expect relatively calmer winds
Lines of equal pressure are called?
isobars
What does MALSR stand for?
medium intensity approach light system with runway alignment indicator lights
What is reverse sensing on a VOR?
Reverse sensing would happen if we were going towards the station with a "from" indication or away from the station with a "to" indication
What is virga?
Virga is precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground. It looks like like streaks of vertical clouds falling from a bigger cloud.
How do we know if a localizer will provide back or regular sensing?
We think of a plane flying over it. Pilot in the white, sensing's right. Pilot in the black, sensing's back. Back sensing means that if the localizer needle goes right, we will actually turn left to catch it. It is inversed.
Let's say the runway lights are out. Do the minima change?
No
Are you required to accept a STAR?
No.
What are the four types of clouds?
low, middle, high, and those with vertical development
Thunderstorms need moisture, instability, and a source of lift. Where can this source of lift come from?
Rising terrain, fronts, convection
Are warm fronts steep or shallow?
Shallow
What are examples of distress situations (emergencies)?
inadvertent entry into a thunderstorm, hail, severe turbulence, icing, fuel starvation, inability to maintain the MEA
Can an instrument proficiency check be done in a simulator or flight training device?
Yes
How are TORA and TODA different?
TORA is takeoff runway available and TODA is takeoff distance available. When we have a declared distance due to something like a displaced threshold these numbers might be different
What happens an airmass moves over a warm surface?
Its lower layers are heated and this leads to unstable conditions.
How can we determine the height of clouds?
Divide the temperature dew point spread (in C) by 2.5. Add three zero's. So if we have a smaller spread we will have lower clouds.
What are the top two tiers of a high VOR?
18,000 to 45,000' 130 nm radius 45,000 - 60,000' 100 nm radius
How do cold fronts move?
Easterly. Their lines are usually from northeast to southwest.
What do the squiggly blue lines correspond to on a low IFR chart?
ARTCC, or "center." These are the people we talk to when en route.
How should turns be made in a gyro approach?
Standard rate at first. Once we are on final approach, our turns should be made at half standard rate.
What do ice pellets indicate?
Freezing rain and warmer air at higher altitudes.
When can we expect fog or low clouds?
When the dew point spread is decreasing 2 C
What is DTK that shows up on the MFD when using RNAV?
DTK is desired track. It is the intended track. TRK is track. It is the actual flight over the surface of the earth with winds calculated in.
What are the three types of radar approaches?
surveillance radar approach precision approach radar no-gyro approach
What is an urgency?
A not immediately dangerous situation. In this situation we would say Pan Pan 3x
No gyro
Controller will tell us when to start and then when to stop our turns. This is used when we don't have heading information in our plane
How do we know when the MOA is active?
We can look at the side of the chart. On foreflight we don't have a paper chart, but we can still pull up the corresponding side.
How does WAAS work?
Ground stations receive the GPS signals. The position errors are sent to master ground stations. Time and location info is analyzed. This information is then sent to space satellites. The space satellites broadcast GPS like signals that WAAS enabled GPS receivers use to correct position information.
What does it mean when a navaid has "chan" in it?
It provides DME information
What does an instrument proficiency check involve?
Navigation by instruments, recovery from simulated emergencies, and standard instrument approaches.
Why is super cooled water dangerous?
Once it strikes an object (such as our plane) it can immediately turn to ice.
Are heading and TRK the same?
No. Because TRK takes into account wind.
What should we do in a gyro failure?
Immediately switch to an alternate display, use backup instruments, transition to partial panel flying and notify ATC If needed, we also would want to cover the instrument so we are not distracted by it
How should you report wind shear?
Where, speed gained or loss, altitude Addison Tower, Cessna 20 MV, encountered wind shear on final, gained 25 knots between 700 and 900 feet, followed by a loss of 30 knots between 400 feet and the surface
What kind of front are squall lines most associated with?
Fast moving cold fronts. However the presence of a front is not always necessary for a squall line to form.
ASR
controller provides headings
When we make a minimum fuel call what should we state?
The minutes of fuel on board
How does air move in a low pressure system?
inward, up, and counterclockwise. As it moves inward it meets in the center and can't go anywhere but up. This is conducive to cloudiness, precipitation, poor visibility, gusty winds, and turbulence.
What is minimimum fuel?
Stating minimum fuel is not declaring an emergency. It is just an advisory saying that undue delays could lead to an emergency situation
How can we predict the freezing level?
The standard lapse rate is 2 C for every thousand feet. So We can take the surface temperature and find how far it will take to get to 0 C. If the surface temperature is 10 C. Then that means 10/2 = 5. 5000 feet above we could have freezing
PAR
controller provides headings and elevation
Let's say approach light system lighting is out. Do the minima change?
Yes they do. We would look into TERPs to know the new minima.
Why can be lightning be dangerous?
Temporary loss of vision, puncture the aircraft skin, damage navigation and communications equipment
How does air move in a high pressure system?
outward, down, and clockwise In a high pressure system we can expect good visibility, calm winds, few clouds
Where would information about declared distance (and any other airport information) be?
In the A/FD section of the chart supplement
When does frost form?
The collecting surface temperature is below the dew point temperature, and the dew point temperature is below freezing
What is adiabatic cooling?
As air lifts it expands. As it expands it releases heat and cools. This process is known as adiabatic cooling.
Is gyroscopic failure a distress or urgency?
Distress (emergency) situation. This is because our ability to immediately comply with all ATC clearances will be limited
Should we expect LLWS before or after a cold front passes?
After a cold front passes, and before a warm front. 1-3 hours after the cold front, up to 6 hours before a warm front
Section 11
(50 cards)
According to Jarrod if your static alone is blocked, what will happen?
VSI will go down to zero. Air speed will read faulty (go high when we descend, go low when we ascend). Altimeter will freeze
What does (T) mean?
The frequency protection usable range at 12,000' AGL is 25 nm.
What are the thicker brown lines on the low ifr chart?
These are military training routes. Their width is 5 nm or more from the center line on one or both sides.
What would 31s mean in an airport information chart?
The runway is 3100 and soft surface. "s" stands for soft surface.
Do TACAN (white looking bull) have voice transmission?
No. Therefore even if their frequency isn't underlined we can know there is no voice.
How do we log an approach?
The 3 w's Where, What approach, runWay used. We also put the name of the safety pilot if needed
What are the thickest brown lines on the low ifr chart that we can find in canada?
These are LF/MF airways using stuff like NDB.
What is an X according to TERPs?
A computer navigation
What can we do if our static tube is blocked?
We can use alternate static air. This takes our from our cabin. However, the altimeter and air speed will read a bit high and the VSI will show a momentary climb.
What does ALSF stand for?
approach light system with sequenced flashing lights
Look at this approach chart. Why is this circle around the L black?
It is pilot controlled lighting
What does HIRL stand for?
high intensity runway lights
How often must GPS obstacle databases be updated?
every 56 days
This symbol looks like the localizer arrow but it is not shaded in at all. What is it?
It is a SDF course
What does (Y) mean?
You have to put it in (Y) mode to pick up DME information.
What kind of GPS uses WAAS?
TSO-C145 and TSO-C146
What will happen if we break the VSI glass?
The air speed and altimeter will read high. The VSI will read reversed.
If the MALSR is inoperative on a non ILS, non LPV approach, what do we increase the visibility minimum by?
1/4 sm
On a Low IFR chart you see "D" for delta and then see a next to it (D). What does this mean?
It means that the class charlie is part time. It becomes airspace E or G. E if weather reporting is available, G if weather reporting is not available. E must also have some way of contacting ATC from the surface.
What does the ADC get its information from?
The pitot static system and the temperature probe.
How often must GPS terrain and airport maps be updated?
only as needed
What is a dot in a circle on a low ifr chart?
This is a FSS, RCO, or AWOS not associated with an airport.
When the MALSR is inoperative on an ILS or LPV what do we increase the visibility minimum by?
The RVR increases by 4500 feet
What is the sharp oval that looks like an eye?
a marker beaon
What is the dark arrow on a procedure called?
The procedure task
What happens if our pitot tube and drain hole are blocked, but static hole is open?
Airspeed will read go up when we ascend and down when we descend. VSI and altimeter work.
What are thin brown lines on the low ifr chart?
These are military training routes. Their width is 5 nm or less from the center line.
How long does a convective sigmet last?
2 hours
What is on the IPC?
holding, unusual attitude recovery, intercepting and tracking courses approaches - precision, non precision, circling, missed, partial panel, and a landing from at least one of the approaches Finally, we must do a postflight inspection
What determines if a closed Delta airspace becomes E or G?
E must have weather reporting AND a way of contacting ATC from the surface. G will have neither or only one of these.
LR
lead radial, helps to get us on the approach
When the approach light system is inoperative on an ILS or LPV what do we increase the visibility minimum by?
1/4 statute mile. But we can look in the TERPS if we don't remember this.
What is the oval that looks like an eye wit ha circle in it?
Compass locator
On this low ifr chart, this L has a clear circle around it. What does this mean?
Pilot controlled lighting
Why is this frequency on the low ifr chart in ( ) ?
It is a VHF paired frequency
How long does a sigmet last?
4 hours
What are the three times we change frequency between navaids?
half way between then a depicted changeover point a bend in the airway
What does (Y) mean?
You must put it in Y mode to get DME information.
What are the GPS routes on a low ifr chart ccalled?
T routes. On high ifr charts they're called Q routes
How long does an airmet last?
6 hours
One with dots around it but to a thickness of only two dots
compass locator beacon
What is a simple circle with a dot in it on the low ifr chart?
FSS, RCO, or AWOS not associated with a an airport
What kind of GPS uses RAIM?
TSO 129
Bull looking one completely black or black with white tips
VORTAC
Bull looking one completely white or white with black tips.
TACAN
What are the skinny arrows on an approach chart?
feeder rou
What will happen if our pitot tube is blocked, but drain hole and static hole are open?
Airspeed will go down to zero. VSI and altimter work.
One with lots of dots around it
NDB
What kind of NOTAMs are baout the IFR environment?
FDC NOTAMs
How often must GPS navigation databases be updated?
every 28 days
Section 12
(50 cards)
What is an ammeter?
An ammeter tells us the health of our electrical system. A zero or positive reading is good. A negative reading is bad.
Your alternate doesn't have an instrument approach. What are the weather requirements?
Must be able to descend from the MEA under basic VFR.
What can we do if there is induction icing?
We can use alternate air. This air though will be unfiltered and cause a drop in RPM's
Do you need an instrument rating to fly in less than VFR minima in uncontrolled airspace?
No
When is it ok to cancel an IFR flight plan?
When operating in VFR conditions outside of class A
Why is the standby battery important in our plane?
The standby battery powers the essential bus
Essential bus 2
pitot heat, nav lights, taxi lights, strobe lights, panel lights
How can we make sure the plane is airworthy before we go fly?
we can make sure that all the inspections have been done, that all AD's have been complied with, that we meet the fuel requirements for ifr, that the necessary equipment needed for ifr is operating, we can also make sure the appropriate documents are in the plane
Important one! What do you need to stay current as an IFR pilot?
flight review every 24 calendar months 3 t/o and landings in the preceding 90 days to carry passengers 66 hits or an ipc
What kind of battery do we have?
We have a 24 volt battery
Pitot tube alone blocked (drain and static ok)
air speed down to zero
What we have for: window ice static tube ice induction ice
What we have for: window ice - window defrosters static tube ice - alternate static air induction ice - alternate air
What does someone need to be a safety pilot?
-a current private pilot of the same category and class -appropriate medical certificate -instrument current if the flight will be done under an instrument flight plan
Three kinds of structural icing
rime, clear, mixed
The ceiling is right at 2000' and visibility right at 3sm. Do you need an alternate?
No. Only when the ceiling is under 2000' and visibility is under 3 sm would an alternate be needed.
What things should we do before doing an ifr flight using GPS navigation?
-verify the GPS is properly install -verify the database is up to date (nav 28 days, obstacle 56 days, airport and terrain as needed) -review GPS and WAAS NOTAMs -make sure ground based nav aids are good
What is the significance of a line with dots on it like beads on a low ifr chart?
subsitute route
How long will nad ifr flight plan stay in the system until it is deleted if you don't take off?
1 hour after proposed departure time
Static blocked (pitot ok)
air speed will be faulty (but go up in an ascent down in a descent). altimeter will freeze and VSI will go down to zero.
AV1ATES
Annual inspection VOR 30 days 100 hour inspection Altimeter and pitot static system 24 calendar months Transponder 24 calendar months ELT 12 calendar months
Fuel requirement
to the destination, to the alternate if required, and then 45 minutes of fuel at normal cruising speed
Can you log instrument time without there being instrument weather?
Yes. Instrument time is that which is flown solely in reference to instruments. Flying under the hood can count for this
You file a precision approach as your alternate. The ceiling is right at 600' and visibility is right at 2sm. Is this acceptable?
Yes. Only if it were under these numbers it wouldn't be acceptable.
What is the significance of Blue Green Brown airports on a low ifr chat?
blue - high altitude instrument approach green - regular instrument approach brown - no instrument approach
What is a brown airway made of dashes instead of a solid line?
This means it is an uncontrolled route
If your flight plan is not cancelled automatically, how soon must you close it?
Within 30 minutes of your ETA. If you go longer than this ETA, search and rescue procedures will be initiated.
What is a composite flight plan?
One that combines VFR for one portion and IFR for another portion
We kind of alternator do we have?
We have a 60 amp alternator which creates a 28 volt charge. The alternator is connected to a belt which is connected to the engine. When the engine starts this belt starts to move and powers the alternator. The alternator helps power the whole system and keep the battery charged.
What are the 6 situations you need an instrument rating?
-filing an IFR flight plan -flying in less than VFR minima in controlled air space -flying in airspace A -special VFR at night -carrying passengers xc further than 50 nm for compensation -carrying passengers xc night for compensation
What would a negative reading on the ammeter mean?
The battery instead of the alternator is charging the system.
Do we have circuit breakers or fuses?
Circuit breakers. These pop out if the current is too much from something.
On an approach chart, what does a c in a black circle mean?
The C in a black square next to Circling stands for expanded minima. Basically it might allow us to circle at a distance greater than 1.3 nm. However since we are category A this doesn't really expand until we are at above 7,000 feet MSL and only then it only expands by .1 nm to 1.4 nm.
What will happen if you use alternate static air?
airspeed and altimeter will read high. VSI will show a momentary climb
What is the significance of black brown blue airways on a low ifr chart?
black - VOR airways brown - LF/MF airway blue - T route. GPS route (blue with TK in it is a helicopter route)
Three kinds of icing
structural, instrument, induction
Essential bus 1
fuel pump, beacon, landing light, cabin lights, flaps
Where can we look to make sure the appropriate inspecitons have been done?
the aircraft and engine logbooks
How is an IFR flight plan closed?
If the airport in the flight plan has a tower, it is closed automatically when you land. After completing a flight, contact ATC or FSS on the ground to cance. Contact ATC if in VFR conditions outside of class A.
What do we need in our log book for an instrument approach?
Where, What approach, the runWay, and the name of the safety pilot if used
What do avionics bus 1 and bus 2 power?
av bus 1 - PFD, ADC, AHRS, NAV 1 av bus 2 - MFD, XPNDR, Nav 2, Comm 2, Audio, Autopilot
What goes on when you turn on the avionics switch?
Avionics bus 1 and bus 2
Pitot tube and drain blocked (static ok)
air speed will go up in a climb, down in a descent
If the standby batt annunciator comes up, should you keep flying?
No. This mans you are flying only on the essential bus. You will have only the PFD, ADC, Nav 1, Comm 1, and standby indicator lights
Essential bus
located between the two primary buses Supports PFD, ADC, Nav 1, Comm 1, STDBY BATT annunciator, STBY indicator lights
What kind of engine do we have?
lycoming io 360 direct drive, fuel injected, 4 stroke, 4 cylinder, horizontally opposed air cooled engine.
Most navaid boxes are black. Why is this one orange?
This means it is an NDB paired with a TACAN channel
What will happen if you break the VSI glass?
The altimeter and airspeed will read high. The VSI will reverse
What would a positive reading on the ammeter mean?
The battery is getting a charge from the alternator
What altitude should you put in your ifr flight plan?
The initial altitude
What is the name under the navaid box?
The FSS name
Section 13
(50 cards)
Let's talk about prog charts. Red dot with an empty white dot inside. Swirl on top and bottom.
This is a tropical storm. (the figure is the same as the hurricane one except for the white dot. The white dot is the eye of the "storm")
What information can the A/FD (airport flight directory) give us for ifr flight planning?
enroute flight advisory services ARTCC frequencies preferred ifr routes VOR receiver checkpoints
What is a visual descent point?
A defined point on the final approach course of a non precision straight in approach from which a pilot can descend from the MDA to the runway
What is the area before the IAF called?
the terminal arrival area
Let's talk about prog charts. What does it mean when a front symbol has dashes between each triangle or hump?
This is frontolysis. It means the front is dissipating
Let's talk about prog charts. Brown dashes - - -
trough (an area of low pressure)
Where does the initial approach occur?
Between the IAF and IF
Why is this part shaded on the profile view?
below the MDA, there aren't obstacles on a 34:1 slope
Can multiple altitudes be freezing?
Yes. With a temperature inversion we can get to a freezing level, get warm again, and then have another freezing level.
You see an altitude on an approach chart but there are no lines around it. What kind of altitude is this?
A reccommened altitude
When you lose radio comm, when should you leave the clearance limit?
At the Expect further clearance time. If you don't have an EFC, then leave it at the filed estimated time of arrival.
Why does this number on the approach chart have a K after it?
The K stands for knots. So this number refers to our plane speed
When are there 3 times procedure turns are not authorized?
hold in lieu of procedure turn NoPT is written We are radar vectored
What are the five kind of NOTAMs?
(D) Notam --> information that requires wide dissemination FDC Notam --> information such as changes to IFR charts, changes to IFR procedures, and changes to IFR airspace usage. (think fd C, C for changes) Pointer NOTAMs --> used to point out information in another NOTAM. Military NOTAM --> NOTAMs that a pertain to US air force, army, marines. SAA NOTAM --> issued when special activity airspace will be active outside of published times. (think special airspace active)
What are the different parts of the approach chart?
Brieging strips (on top) Plan view (the large portion in the middle) Profile view (the bottom portion)
How often are low ifr charts revised?
every 56 days
How can we calculate the freezing level?
Find what altitude the temperature will be at 0C. From the surface temperature, subtract 2C for each 1000 feet up. This will get you the altitude AGL.
What is standard temperature and pressure at sea level?
15 C and 29.92" Hg
Let's talk about approach charts. What is this 18354 on the top right of the chart?
The approach was last revised in 2018 on the 354th day of that year.
What happens when temperature and dew point are close?
visible moisture
Let's talk about approaches. What does A in a triangle followed by NA mean?
It means you can't do this approach when using the airport as an alternate. For example, you might find that ILS approaches are not authorized when the airport is an alternate but RNAV approaches are fine
What are the 5 types of altitude? (ITAPD)
indicated - directly from the altimeter true - altitude in MSL absolute - altitude in AGL pressure - altitude when altimeter is set to 29.92 density - pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature
What are preferred routes?
these are routes between busier airports to increase system efficiency and capacity.
What does NA mean when you see alternate minimums?
not authorized. In alternate minimums, you might see something like "TWR closed... NA". This means filing the approach as an alternate is not authorized when tower is closed
Let's talk about prog charts. Yellow zig zag
ridge (area of high pressure
What is the segment between the FAF and the runway called?
The final approach course
Let's talk about prog charts. Two red dots, two red dashes and so forth.
squall line
Your altimeter is off by 75 feet. Can you fly?
Yes definitely. "within 75 feet" includes 75 feet. Anything 75 feet or less is ok.
What are the four intensities of structural icing?
trace - we can see the ice light - will cause a problem if flight continues for over an hour in the environment moderate - short encounters are hazardous. Use of anti icing equipment is necessary. severe - even anti icing equipment can't control the hazard.
How do steam gauge altimeters work?
As we ascend and descend, the aneroid wafers in the altimeter
What are the two situations terrain will be shown in the planview?
It exceeds 4000 feet above airport elevation (apt el = 200. terrain = 4200. terrain will not be shown) Terrain with 6 nautical miles of the airport reference point is 2000' above airport elevation
What color is terrain on an approach chart?
brown.. Water = gray
Let's talk about prog charts.What is a front with a space but not dash between each triangle or hump?
This is frontogenesis. It means the front is developing
Where can we find preferred routes?
The airport flight directory (the A/FD).
What factors do we need for icing to form?
-visible moisture (clouds or rain) -temperature below freezing Icing also tends to form in low pressure areas, cloud tops, and occluded fronts.
Where do radar vectors take us?
the final approach course
Let's talk about prog charts. Brown humps on a brown line.
dry line
What is the segment before the IAF on an approach chart?
The feeder route. The feeder route takes you to the IAF so you can be established on the approach.
Where can we get NOTAM information
ASFSS/FSS FAA's pilot web site Foreflight
Let's talk about prog charts. Red dot with a siwrl on top and bottom
hurricane
The airport you are flying to doesn't have forecasted weather? How do you know if you need to file an alternate?
Use the TAF of the closest airport in the area
Let's talk about approach charts. What does the A in the triangle mean?
Nonstandard IFR alternate minimums. It means the minimums to file as an alternate aren't the standard 800-2, 600-2. To know what the alternate minimums are go to Procedures, arrival, alternate minimums in foreflight. Then go to the airport in question.
What is it when vapor turns to a solid such as ice?
sublimation
On approach charts, what does the snowflake symbol mean?
An MDA or DA correction is needed when the temperature is at or below the given tempreatuer.
Let's talk about approaches. What is this W in a square?
It means daily outages of WAAS vertical guidance may occur. You should be aware there is a higher chance of there being no glide slope at these locations.
How does temperature change with altitude when the air is unstable?
The temperature will change more rapidly as we ascend. If there is a large temperature drop between two altitudes there might be an unstable atmosphere. 2C per 1000 feet is standard, something greater than this can point to instability. On the other hand, if we have a temperature inversion as as we ascend we likely have a very stable atmosphere.
Let's talk about approach charts. Does "rwy ldg" indicate the length of the full runway?
If there is a displaced threshold then the "rwy ldg" isn't the full runway. The displaced threshold part isn't included in the length. "Rwy ldg" I suppose should be thought of as the active runway length.
On the profile view, where is the FAF for a nonprecision approach?
The maltese cross
What are two ways fog can form?
Cooling air to the dew point Adding moisture to the air
On the profile view, where is the FAF for a precision approach?
Where the line bends down
Section 14
(50 cards)
The visibility is below that published. The ceiling is below the MDA/DA height. Can you fly the approach?
Yes. Since we are part 91 we still can. We do what people call "peek a boo." However my personal minimum is that I definitely wouldn't. This just allows us to start the approach though. once we get to the MDA/DA we need the other visual cues, stabilized approach, if we wish to land.
Eight things to state in a position report
aircraft ID position time altitude type of flight plan ETA of next reporting point Name of next reporting point Pertinent remarks
What are the four ILS components?
localizer, glide slope, marker beacons, approach light system
Under "radar contact" who is responsible to avoid terrain and obstacles?
How long is the "touchdown zone"?
3000 feet
How should a pilot fly to guarantee obstruction clearance?
Cross the departure end at least 35 feet above the surface. Maintain runway heading until 400 feet above departure end elevation. Maintain a climbing gradient of 200 feet per nautical mile.
How is icing different in stratus, cumuliform clouds, freezing rain, and freezing drizzle?
o In stratus clouds the icing layer thickness will usually be under 3000 feet. Try to fly vertically out of it. o In cumuliform clouds the icing layers are usually not as wide. Try to fly horizontally out of it. o Freezing rain occurs from super cooled droplets of water. Fly to a higher warmer altitude. o Freezing drizzle. In freezing drizzle do not expect there to be a warm layer above the aircraft. Ascend to where the freezing drizzle is less intense, descend down to a warmer altitude if it exists, turn to an area without freezing drizzle.
On a SID, what lines are we flying?
On a SID, we are flying the bold lines. Don't be distracted by the thin lines.
How do you get an IFR clearance at a towered airport?
From either ground or a specific clearance delivery. At Addison we just use ground
What are the three things a pilot must read back in ATC clearances?
altitude vector runway assignment
Where can we find VOR check points?
The A/FD. Specifically page 453.
How should we fly if there is no minimum altitude published for where we're at?
Then fly 1000 (non mountainous) / 2000 (mountainous) over the highest obstacle withing 4 nm of the course to be flown
What are the two type of SIDs?
Pilot nav SIDs Vector SIDs
When not in radar contact, what reporting points are required?
Leaving a FAF inbound, ETA changes by 3 minutes
What should we do if we inadvertently enter a t-storm?
tighten our safety belts. Keep our eyes on our instruments to avoid temporary blindness from lightning. Turn up cockpit lights to avoid blinding from lightning strikes. Get through the storm in the minimum time possible.
The weather is perfectly clear and will be that way all day. You are on an IFR flight plan and your destination won't have an instrument approach. Do you need to file an alternate?
Yes. If your destination doesn't havean instrument approach you always must file an alternate if on an ifr flight plan.
Airmet valid time
6 hours
How does the beacon flash at a civilian airport?
white, green, white, green
What does it mean if the beacon is on during daylight hours?
Visibility is less than 3sm, and the ceiling is under 1000'. "Less than." Also keep in mind that it isn't required to be on in these conditions, but if it is on during daylight hours we can know these conditions exist.
How many GPS satellites are needed for different functions?
o 3 - latitude and longitude o 4 - latitude, longitude, and altitude o 5 - latitude, longitude, altitude, and RAIM 4 satellites and baro aiding is also ok o 6 - latitude, longitude, altitude, RAIM, and able to remove corrupt signal
When will ATC approve off routing?
Only in a radar environment (Aim 5-1-8)
TAF valid time and coverage
24-30 hours 5 sm from the center of the airport complex
We are considering "M E A" for AVEF MEA. How would we determine the M part?
The minimum en route altitude could be a MOCA, MRA, MEA. It is the smallest of all these altitudes. Then though after getting this altitude, we will select the altitude which is highest among the minimum en route, expected, and assigned.
Convective sigmet valid time
2 hours
How should we land after icing?
o Keep throttle higher o Don't use flaps o Use a higher approach speed o Use brakes sparingly to avoid skidding
When are visual descent angles shown?
non precision approaches.
Part 135
stuff like ameriflight
Do you need n instrument rating to take off in instrument conditions in class G (uncontrolled air space)?
No
On an approach chart, what are these two triangles with tips on one another?
radar reflectors
Do we need to do RAIM checks with WAAS?
no
Six types of VOR checks
VOT groundbased airborne (6 degrees) dual VOR mechanic check Fly over a prominent point (6 degrees)
You are being radar vectored to an approach. When should you descend?
Once established. Don't do it early.
What are 3 reasons for VFR on top?
turbulence better winds better visibility
What is EMAS?
EMAS is used to stop an aircraft so there'll be no human injury and minimal aircraft damage
Do unpublished RNAV routes require radar monitoring?
Yep
Why is there a nine in Hubbard 9?
It is the 9th revision.
Sigmet valid time
4 hours
Will ATC issue a contact approach?
No. A pilot must request it
What does it mean if an ODP has a climb gradient in excess of 200' per nautical mile?
At least one obstacle penetrates the 40:1 slope
We are going to hold at a fix. When are we required to reduce our speed?
3 minutes prior to reaching the fix
When is the ILS critical are protected?
Ceiling less than 800' and visibility less than 2sm
What visibility do you need for a contact approach?
1 sm
What information will HIWAS give us?
CWAs, sigmet, airmet information
Part 121
commercial airlines
On a departure chart you see "L-17" or "h-18". What does this mean?
This tells us where on a low IFR or high IFR enroute chart to find something.
How should you climb and descend when given "pilot's discretion"?
You can climb or descend when you find it best to do so. However, once you leave an altitude you can not return to it.
Radio failure. What to do? Perfect answer.
Go to a prior frequency. First confirm the radio truly isn't working. Squawk 7600. If in VFR stay in VFR and land as soon as practicable. If in IFR, AVEF MEA. Leave a fix to start an approach at the EFC and if no EFC then ETA. Leave a fix to not start an approach at the EFC, upon arrival at the fix if no EFC. After this we should go direct to a fix to start an approach and leave it at the ETA.
How does the beacon flash at a military airport?
white white green, white white green
Part 91
What we are. We don't have take off minimums
Why don't we need to do RAIM checks with WAAS?
WAAS continually checks for GPS errors on its own.
Section 15
(50 cards)
AIRMET Tango
moderate turbulence, surface winds of 30+ KIAS, nonconductive low-level wind shear
There is icing but it covers an area of only 2,500 square miles. Will an airmet be published?
No. An airmet or sigmet will be published only if the phenomenon covers an area of 3000 sq miles
Location of marker beacons
Outer marker 4 to 7 miles from threshold, middle marker 3500 feet from threshold, inner marker between middle marker and threshold
What kind of NOTAMs will fss briefers provide?
D notams, ones for wide dissemination. We have to ask for other kinds.
How are LP and LPV approaches differerent?
Both require WAAS. Both are comparable to a component of an ils approach in performance. LP approaches though do not provide vertical guidance and go down to an mda. LPV approaches do provide vertical guidance and go down to a DA.
Whats the difference betwern LPV and LNAV/VNAV?
The difference between LPV and LNAV/VNAV is that although they both have vertical guidance, LPV was intentionally designed to be very similar to an ILS approach with an increasingly sensitive glideslope whereas LNAV/VNAV was not. LPV requires WAAS. LNAV/VNAV requires WAAS alone or a baro vnav along with raim integrity. LPV narrows down to .3 nm lateral accuracy whereas LNAV/VNAV stays at 1 nm.
How far away can awos be received?
25 nm from the site up to 10,000' agl
What are the standard take off minimums?
None! We're part 91.
Who are airmets indended for?
they are intended for "dissemination to all pilots in the pre flight and en route phase" however traditionally they were only for light general aviation aircraft
Safety pilot
The safety pilot must have the appropriate category and class, be current, and have full forward and side vision.
What does "1" mean in RNAV 1?
The accuracy remains bound by 1 nm 95% of the time
What are the RNP for different segments?
terminal - 2 en route - 1 approach - .3 (we could actually say its 1 to .3 because it narrows down) rnp ar (authorization required) approach - .1 (1 to .1) missed approach - 1 RNP 2 would assure the aircraft can remain within 2 miles of the centerline 95% of the time.
What does convective sigmet entail?
hail greater than 3/4 inch emedded thunderstorms surface winds greater than 50 knots tornadoes a line of thunderstorms and thunderstorm with precipitation affecting 40% or more of a 3000 sq mile area
airmet zulu
moderate icing and the airmet sulu will tell us the freezing level heights
How are Rnav 1 and RNP 1 different?
Both rnav 1 and rnp 1 state you should be within 1 nm of the course centerline 95% of the time. RNP 1 however is also pbn (performance based navigation) and so it also is saying that it is up to the operator to maintain that 1 nm distance. RNAV is implying more what you will get, RNP is implying more what you should maintain. RNP will also alert you when the system is going to be off twice the rnp number 99.99% of the time. We can think of rnav as sensor based, and rnp as performance based. RNP is rnav based navigation with the added abilities to monitor the system and alert the pilot when accuracy wont be met. RNAV says you should be on course. RNP says you should be on course, monitors you, and tells you when you're not.
icing vs turbulence levels
i - trace, light, moderate, severe t - light, moderate, severe, extreme
How can we get weather with the g1000?
Turn the fms knob to map go to xm weather
What are some types of apv approaches? (approach with vertica guidance)
lnav/vnav lpv baro vnav
What is rnp ar?
Required navigation performance authorization required. These type of rnp approaches require special training. Their rnp narrows down to .1 instead of the typical .3. A good comparison would be cat ii and cat iii which allow aircraft to get lower on ils approaches but also require extra training. On the plan view we will see RNP .1 under category and then "authorization required" at the bottom. We will also see Rnav (rnp) in the title.
What are the criteria for a severe that thunderstorm?
hail 1 inch or larger wind gusts of 50 knots or greater
When and where does artcc broadcast severe weather?
when the affected area is within 150 miles of the airspace (although they can choose to wait to do so if only the weather is within 50 miles). these include sigmets, convective sigmets, and cwa's
MVFR
ceiling 1000-3000 feet and/or visibility 3-5mi
What areas are covered by sigmets?
western, central, and eastern. they dont cover alaska and hawaii.
How many satellites so we need for WAAS?
4. The answer is four. We don't need to remove an erroneous one so we just need 4. RAIM needs 5 to 6.
What three functions of accuracy does WAAS have?
terminal, en route, arrival
What are the three kinds of briefings?
outlook, standard, abbreviated
Can we fly with an airmet zulu?Howabout a Pirep for icing?
Both of these would disallow us from flying. We can't fly into known or forecasted icing.
What level of rnp can waas support?
.3 and above. It alone can't support the .1 needed for rnp ar approaches.
What are the 4 categories of precip on radar?
light, moderate, heavy, extreme
When to not do a procedure turn
o "No PT" is written o Radar vectored to the final approach course o A timed approach from a holding fix o ATC says "cleared for the straight in approach" o A teardrop procedure turn is depicted and a course reversal is required o A holding pattern replaces a procedure turn o A procedure turn barb is absent in the plan view
when must faa solicit pireps?
ceilings below 5000' vis below 5sm thunderstorms light or higher icing moderate or higher turbulence wind shears
What does an airmet tango tell us? (be specific)
moderate turbulence, surface winds of 30 knots or greater, nonconvective llws
What documents need to be on the plane for a legal IFR flight?
airworthiness certificate registration POH (owner's manual) weight and balance info
airmet sierra
IFR conditions and/or extensive mountain obscurations
tempo on a taf. time duration
59 minutes or less
LIFR
ceiling less than 500 ft/ visibility less than 1 mi
What is RNP?
RNP is required navigation performance. It is RNAV with added required performance monitoring and alerting. RNP is also the performance you need to act in a certain airspace. RNP ensures that you will stay in a defined area.
What are the three levels of rain / snow / ice pellets?
light, moderate, heavy
Do you need WAAS to do a lnav/vnav approach?
No. While WAAS is perfectly fine, baro VNAV along with raim integrity also works. On the other hand LPV strictly requires WAAS.
Are apv approaches precision approaches?
No
What in one way to get in flight weather?
contact fss on the plane radio and get an in flight weather briefing
What information does awos give?
wind speed, temperature, dew point, visibility, awos setting. manual remarks can also be made about precip, thunderstorms, and obstructions to vision
How often must rnav/rnp accuracy be met?
95% of the time RNP will alert you when twice the RNP number won't be met 99.999% of the time
What does a sigmet entail?
severe icing severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence dust storms that lower visibility below 3sm
What does hiwas contain?
Hiwas are automated messages sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, pireps
vc in a taf
vicinity, 5 to 10sm from the point of observation
How do we know we know if an approach is rnp or rnp ar?
On the plan view we will see RNP .1 under category and then "authorization required" at the bottom. We will also see rnav (rnp) in the title.
What does RNAV stand for?
aRea NAVigation
What are ways to get weather in flight?
weather advisory broadcast hiwas awos tune into a metar (5nm aound the airport) (especially pay attention when pressure is quickly dropping) (severe weather might be broadcast if within 150 miles) directly ask tower or center fis-b (pireps, metar, notam, wind aloft, airmet, sigmet, convective sigmet) foreflight if it gets a signal the g1000 screen (areas of precip. wind direction.. nrst function)
Localizer frequency range
108.10 to 111.95
Section 16
(50 cards)
How big is the assessment area for obstacles around an airport?
25 nm around the airport for nonmountainous areas 46 nm for mountainous areas. Beyond this be on an established route for obstacle avoidance.
what does a line from a compass locator on low ifr point to?
magnetic north
How far do you need to go to be able to log an approach?
go from faf to da/mda if simulated imc just going past the faf is enough in actual imc
what happens to tas as the temperature goes up?
tas goes up
When will we make an early turn (not 400' above the departure end of runway elevation)?
there are obstacles on the extended centerline "turn left/right as soon as possible" is written
vc in a metar
5 to 10 sm from the runway
Does radar contact mean you are relieved of terrain and obstruction clearance?
No
What must we do to ensure obstacle clearance?
cross the runway end 35' above the departure end of the runway climb to 400' above the departure end of runway elevation before making a turn maintain a climb gradient of 200' per nautical mile up to the minimum ifr altitude
What are preferred routes, and where can they be found?
Routes in high traffic areas that ATC designates to- and from- busy airports. Found in A/FD or in foreflight when we file
is pressure inside or outside the cabin higher?
air outside has higher pressure air inside the cabin has lower pressure so if we break the vsi for static air pressure we wont have a vsi, asi and altimeter will read a bit high we dont actually have a standby vsi like this though
What is the thing that looks like a compass called on a low ifr chart?
A compass rose.
Dme Fix distances are marked by a D with a number in it an then an arrow —> But what does it mean when just the arrow is alone?
The DME fix distance is the same as the route mile distance
vrb3kt
wind will be variable in direction
On a low ifr chart what is a line with a lot of dots below it?
ADIZ (air defense identification zone)
How many letters will a RNAV waypoint usually be?
5 letters
What airspace is all the white on a low ifr chart?
This is all actually controlled airspace class E. Uncontrolled class G airspace below 14,500' will be marked brown.
What is the dot in a circle on the low ifr
an fss, rco, or awos not associated with an airport
What is the floor of class E when in conjunction with a federal airway?
1200 feet agl
ws020/33022kt
wind shear at 2000 feet 330 degrees at 32 knots
where is the magnetometer located?
far off in the wing
When are odp's not published?
When an aircraft can turn in any direction from the runway and remain clear of obstacles the "diverse departure assessment" is passed. In this case no ODP will be published but a SID could be.
What is the floor of class E when in conjunction with an airport with an approved IAP?
700 feet AGL
If you receive "hold for release" can you take off with your ifr clearance?
No, but you can take off under vfr. Inn this case though you must cancel your ifr flight plan.
How are fog and mist different?
fog is visibility less than 5/8sm (fg) mist is visibility 5/8 sm to 6sm (br)
What are low close in obstacles?
Obstacles that would generate an excessive climb gradient but terminates at or below 200 ft above the departure end of the runway They penetrate the standard 40:1 obstacle clearance slope and are within 1 nm of the runway.
When do we report when vfr on top?
each reporting point in flight plan
What are two frequencies that are used for ifr clearances?
some airports use ground like ours but others have a separate frequency, clearance delivery
When would vis 2v3 be used?
Only when the visibility is changing a lot and the prevailing visibility is below 3sm in this example, the visibility is changing between 2 and 3 sm
blue swuiggly on low ifr
artcc
Define hot spot
A location on an aerodrome movemement area with a history or potential risk of collision or runway incursion where heightened attention by pilots and drivers is necessary
Where do odp's provide obstruction clearance?
From the terminal area to the en route structure
What is true airspeed?
speed corrected for density altitude
When do we change frequencies?
a bend a changeover point half way
When not under radar, when do we make altitude reports?
initial contact (this is the only time when in radar) each reporting point
what does the oroca on the low ifr apply to?
the blue box
What is the earliest you can call ground if you get your ifr clearance before taxiing?
10 minutes prior to your proposed taxi time
What is the diverse departure assessment?
This means the aircraft can turn in any direction from the runway and remain clear of obstacles. In this case no ODP will be published but a SID could be.
Where are clearance void times used?
airports without a tower. you must contact atc within 30 min if you don't take off
ts on a metar/taf. is this light moderate or severe?
moderate. if no + or - it is moderate
what do we say if we cant maintain 500 fpm?
say "slow" slow climb or slow descent
why are localizers on low ifr charts?
to help us identify intersections. no other reason
What time can you log as actual instrument time?
Only that when flying solely by reference to instruments. If you're referring to things outside or looking for traffic outside then it probably wouldn't be logged as instrument time.
How does the plane get wind data?
ahrs, gps, and pitot static
Do we have take off minimums?
No we are part 91
How can a vortac facility information box be identified?
The corners will be round. Compass locator and localizer frequency boxes have straight corners.
gr
hail of 1/4" or greater
R 15/M1000VP1500ft
the runway visual range on runway 15 is from less than 1000' to more than 1500'
blue thin vs blue green thin on low ifr chart
blue latitude and longitude green isogonic line
What is the standard gradient for obstacle clearance?
40:1 (152' per nm). it goes from the departure end of the runway to the enroute structure. Planes are expected to clear this by 48' per nm (hence a 200' per nm climb is required) if an obstacle penetrates the 40:1 slope they make a steeper climb gradient required or design and publish a specific departure route
what happens to true airspeed as we ascend?
tas goes up
Section 17
(50 cards)
What are the ways we can become established on an approach?
Vectors or pilot nav. When we are vectored, we get vectored somewhere between the IF (intermediary fix) and FAF. Be ready to get that flap in 1 nm before the FAF! When we use pilot nav we go to the initial approach fix.
What frequency do VORs operate under?
108. To 117.95
When the global navigation satellite system becomes unavailable what can we use?
The VOR MON (minimum operational network). During GNSS disruption, the MON will let aircraft navigate through the affected area to a safe landing at a MON (minimum operational network) airport. Navigation by MON (minimum operational network) isn't as efficient as PBN navigation. MON should provide a continuous VOR signal coverage at 5,000 feet AGL. And a MON airport should always be within 100 nm. VOR MON is also specifically for IFR aircraft that don't have DME/DME avionics.
On a GPS missed approach, what will happen if the pilot initiates the missed approach prior to the missed approach way point?
The CDI sensitivity will change to terminal mode (+/- 1 NM) and the receiver will continue to navigate to the missed approach way point. It is important to cross the missed approach way point and then initiate the missed approach. Do not begin any turns prior to the missed approach way point.
When our radio fails and we go through AVEF MEA. Should we continue to make calls?
Yes. Keep on making calls into the blind.
Will the length of runway required for a landing from an IAP be different than a landing from a VFR approach?
probably. During an iap we might not put in the last degree of flaps if we are configured. This could make us float further. We also might hsve a slightly higher approach speed because we will keep 90 knots until we go visual
What areas of knowledge will be covered in the IPC?
Instrument chart interpretation Weather Pre flight planning Aircraft systems for IFR Aircraft flight instruments and navigation equipment Determining airworthiness ATC procedures for IFR
How do we do a VOT?
Tune in the VOT frequency on your VOR receiver Have the CDI centered The OBS should read 0 degrees "from" or 180 degrees "to" within 4 degrees of error
If you were concerned with freezing rain, what weather reports would you look at ?
I know that freezing rain is always the result of temperature inversions. The winds and temperatures aloft forecast shows air temperatures at various altitudes. I would use this forecast to find a temperature inversion -and- temperatures near freezing.
Where is the final approach course?
Between the IF and FAF.
Can we do an airborne VOT?
Yes, but only if the area/altitude to do the VOT is authorized in the chart supplement
What kind of approaches have TAAs?
Only RNAV approaches have TAAs. TAA stands for terminal arrival area. Once you are on the TAA you are considered to be established on the approach and can descend without ATC clearance.
If you encounter freezing rain what will you do?
An immediate diversion will be necessary. The best way is a 180 turn back to where I came from. The next best method is to change altitudes to find warmer air. Since freezing rain involves a temperature inversion, that warmer air could be above.
Where does the final approach segment begin for ILS approaches vs. for non precision approaches?
For ILS approaches the final approach segment starts once we intercept the glide slope. At the lightning strike. For non precision approaches it starts at the maltese cross.
When do we switch the HSI to localizer on an ILS approach vs. VOR approaches?
ILS - as soon as we are on the localizer in bound course. If we wait it is a bust. If we are being given vectors with headings we can switch right away. If we are going to an initial fix though we probably will want to stay on GPS mode until we are inbound on the final appr crs. VOR - as late as the FAF. But if it is after the FAF it is a bust Always make sure you nav source is identified and that it has the right appr course loaded in. As you intercept the final approach course (IF to FAF) it could switch automatically for an ILS approach. This will only happen though if you intercept the final approach course 2 miles before the FAF. If you capture the approach course within 2 miles to the FAF it won't switch over (as with Jack). For non ILS approaches using localizer you will always need to manually switch it such as a localizer or a back course approach. My understanding is you will also need to always switch it to VOR for VOR approaches as well too. When switching manually we should switch it once we are on are way to the FAF.
What is freezing rain always associated with?
A temperature inversion and freezing temperatures. Air above is warm, air below is cooler. The rain falls and then freezes.
Why was TACAN made?
Civil VOR was considered unsuitable for military or naval operations. Therefore, TACAN was developed by the military for military and naval requirements. TACAN can involve a fixed or mobile transmitting unit. TACAN is ultrahigh frequency whereas VORTAC is The FAA has since then incorporated TACAN with the VOR/DME program. The incorporation of these two is called VORTAC.
In lost radio comm, what do we do at the fix to start the approach if we get to it early?
We hold. We then wait until the EFC, or ETA in the case that we don't have an EFC.
Are part 91 planes required to have VOR avionics?
No
Important classic question. You are told to fly 3,000 and expect 5,000 ten minutes after departure. You then lose radio comm 2 minutes after departure. Do you go to 3,000 or climb up to 5,000?
You stay at 3,000 and don't climb up to 5000 until ten minutes after departure. Initiate your climb ten minutes after departure (don't try to get to that altitude right at ten minutes).
What helps run PBN system? (Performance based navigation)
GPS and its augmentation systems This is also known as GNSS (global navigation satellite system) The global navigation satellite system (GPS and its systems) helps run the performance based navigation system
How is the accuracy of VOR course alignment?
"Excellent" - plus or minus 1 degree
What will you need to be eligible for an instrument rating?
Have a private pilot certificate Read, speak, write English Receive and log ground training Receive a logbook or training record endorsement Receive and log training in an airplane Receive log book endorsement for the practical test Pass the knowledge test Pass the final practical test
Let's say our VOR shows an error greater than 4 degrees in a ground based check (6 degrees in an airborne check). Can we fly?
If IFR (IFR flight plan, special VFR at night, less than VFR minima, etc) no we can not until we correct the error. If VFR, yes we can still fly
Will reporting "minimum fuel" get you priority handling?
No. If I need priority handling I should report "fuel emergency."
What can cause VOR oscillation?
In mountainous terrain there might be a brief needle oscillation. Particular RPM settings can cause the VOR CDI to fluctuate as much as +/- 6 degrees.
You are 10 nm from your destination. You think you have enough fuel to reach your destination if no delays but realize your plane has been using more fuel than expected. Should you notify ATC?
Yes. Then later if I am more concerned about the fuel I can report "minimum fuel." If I need priority though I will declare "fuel emergency."
If you a re concerned about fog, what reports/forecasts would you look at to determine the likelihood of fog?
Reports on temperature and dew point. A narrowing margin between these two could indicate fog.
Can an IPC be done in a FTD?
Yes, but written permission must be received by the FAA administrator.Also the pilot or examiner must contact their local FSDO.
You encounter freezing rain. Will you let the autopilot control the plane or iwll you take over?
No right answer. Show your thinking process. I would hand fly. Ice reduces lift. If I fly by autopilot I won't receive the tactile inputs and may not perceive the loss of lift. Still though if I get a large workload as I divert from my flight plan and contact air traffic control, I might set up autopilot for very short periods in order to keep a calm cockpit. But in general I would fly by hand as much as possible so that I can tell what is going on with the plane.
What is a VORW?
A VORW is one without voice transmission. The "W" indicates to use that the VOR is "without" voice transmission.
How often should we re calibrate our VORs?
The FAR/AIM recommends calibrating the VOR once per year. An authorized repair facility should do the calibration. Accuracy checks though should be done every 30 days
What is VOR? (Give details)
VORs operate from 108.0 to 117.95 MHz. They are subject to line of sight restrictions, and their range varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment. VOR can be identified ONLY by its morse code identification. It is required for this code to be listened to by either the pilot or the plane's systems. Our plane receives this morse code identification and then identifies for us, making it so we don't have to listen to it personally.
On an ifr en route chart. Where are you not required to be on an ifr flight plan?
In class G.
Why should we file to a fix rather than an airport?
If we file a fix if will be clear where we are going if we lose radio comms
Our plane automatically decodes the VOR identifier code. Our nav displays in green and shows the identifier code once identified. Despite this, are we still required to listen to the morse code?
No.
What is one extra way we can do a VOR check which is similar to a VOT?
A radiated test signal from an appropriately rated radio station. So that gives us: VOT + Radiated test signal Ground based check (certified radial that should be received at a specific point on the airport surface) Airborne check (certified radial that should be received at a specific point on the airport surface) Dual VOR (tune both to the same VOR ground facility and note the indicated bearing to that station. 4 degrees variation permitted) Mechanic check Line up on an airway
You find you are too high on a nonprecision IAP. When can you do a missed apprroach?
I can stop my descent if I want to. The missed approach point isn't an altitude but rather just a lateral point. I can not initiate a missed approach until I get to the missed approach point.
What restrictions are VORs subject to?
Line of sight restrictions The range of the VOR varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment
Sometimes class D isn't a perfect circle. Why is this?
Class D might have a little extension that makes it not a perfect circle. This is to cover a departure path or to protect IFR traffic on departure and arrival.
Can a GPS be used for lateral navigation on a localizer based course?
No. We must switch our HSI to the appropriate source once we are headed towards the FAF (on the final approach course). Look up in your NAV frequencies to make sure the localizer is identified. The regulations say that as soon as we turn on the localizer (in bound such as after our procedure turn and now on the approach course heading) we must switch over to localizer. So to follow regulations for ILS switch over to localizer as soon as you have the approach course in bound.
Can a GPS used for lateral navigation on a VOR?
No. But there the regulation is a bit different with the localizer one. For a localizer we must switch over as soon as we are tracking the localizer course in bound (on the approach course heading). For a VOR however the regulation doesn't require us to switch over until we are at the FAF. But still just so I don't forget anything I would change it before the FAF on the final approach course.
MOCA
22 nm (25 sm) of the navaid might get reception provides obstacle clearance the whole way but not guaranteed nav reception
You tune into a VOR but there is no code transmitted. What could this mean?
The VOR is down for maintenance Another way we could know its down for maintenance is that it transmits only a T-E-S-T code.
If you encounter icing during lost com what will you do?
I am now no longer in an urgency situation but an emergency situation. I will switch my transponder from 7600 to 7700. My priority now is to get out of the icing and this will take priority over (assigned, vectored, expected) route. I still should be careful about the minimum en route altitude so I don't hit an obstacle below.
During your preflight run up you find that your transponder is inop. Can you still go fly?
Transponder requirements are not specific to flights under IFR. If I enter class B, class C, or go 10,000' MSL or higher I will need a transponder. But if I stay out of B, C, and under 10,000' I wouldn't need a transponder. The exception to this rule is if I go to an airport which is within 30 nm of a class B airport (such as Addison). This is called the mode C veil. If my transponder isn't working I would need to label it "INOP"
Must the IPC be with a CFII if done with an instructor?
No. A CFI is ok if he is instrument current and rated for the same category and class of plane.
You inadvertently fly into thick fog. What will you do?
If flying under instrument flight rules, flying into fog will not be a large problem until it becomes time for an instrument approach procedure and especially landing. I might look for an airport at a higher elevation. I could lean the engine and fly to an area with improved conditions.
The airport you're going to has only RNAV IAP's. Can you use it as an alternate?
Yes I can since we have WAAS enabled GPS. If I didn't have WAAS enabled GPS then the airport would need instrument approach procedures that use other navaids. In this second case I could file it is an alternate and use the RNAV approach when I arrive.
When we lose radio comm, what things should we do first?
Check the volume, check the ammeter and make sure the standby battery annunciator isn't on (although with standby battery we should still get nav 1), verify the headset is connected, use the other com (1 or 2), try other frequencies such as FSS, use our cell phone to call FSS but don't go to a lower altitude just to get a cell signal.
Section 18
(50 cards)
Significance of different marker beacons
Outer marker - interception of the ILS glide path MM - 200 feet above touch down zone elevation Inner marker - a designated DH for Cat II planes Back course marker - the place where approach descent should begin
What are overlay approaches?
Overlay approaches are VOR or DME approaches we can fly by GPS. Although we can fly them by GPS, they use criteria for ground-based NAVAID approaches, not the criteria for stand alone GPS approaches. These are in contrast to localizer and other approaches that we are not allowed to fly by GPS.
What does it mean if we have an approach with a glide path but no DH?
The glide path is usable all the way down to the runway threshold. On the other hand, if a DH is published we the glide path might not be suitable for navigation purposes below the DH and we should use visual cues.
A GPS NOTAM says "unreliable." When you come in to fly a GPS approach though you notice that LNAV/VNAV still pops up. Can you still fly it?
Yes. Unreliable does not mean there is any issue with the GPS integrity. If you still get a signal when you come in for the approach then you are allowed to fly the displayed level of service.
Frequency pairs for ILS are collocated. What does this mean?
Localizer frequencies go from 108.1 to 111.95. Each frequency is paired with a single glide slope frequency. 108.1 is with 334.7 111.9 is with 331.1 There are forty of such pairings.
What does the back course marker beacon represent?
The place where the approach descent starts.
What is RAIM?
The capability of a GPS receiver to perform integrity monitoring on itself by ensuring available satellite signals meet the integrity requirements for a given phase of flight. It provides immediate feedback to the pilot. This is important because it can otherwise take up to two hours before an erroneous satellite transmission is detected and corrected by the satellite control segment. RAIM requires 5 satellites, or 4 satellites and a barometric altimeter input.
Are you required approval to use a hand held receiver?
No. Hand held receivers require no approval. Any aircraft modification to support the hand held receiver does require approval. The hand held receiver can't be used for navigation.
A GPS waypoint is defined by latitude and longitude and can be a 5 letter way point, a VHF intersection, a DME fix, or a 3 letter navaid. What is a Computer Navigation Fix?
A Computer Navigation Fix is also defined by latitude/longitude. A Computer Navigation Fix is required to support performance based navigation operations. Computer Navigation Fixes are also used for navigation as are waypoints. Unlike waypoints however, computer navigation fixes are not used recognized by ATC. They are not used by ATC for air traffic control purposes. They are sometimes charted on FAA charts, but not always. Computer Navigation Fixes are composed of five letters, but unlike waypoints these 5 letters will not be pronounceable. We are not to use Computer Navigation Fixes when communicating with ATC or filing flight plans. They can however aid situational awareness. CNFs can represent ground based navigation fixes. They can be used in overlay approaches (ground based approach being done by GPS) so that the GPS system has points to follow that mirror the ground based sensor approach.
After getting the flight plan up for a GPS approach, what is a good procedure?
Make sure that each way point in the flight plan matches the name and spelling of each way point on your approach chart. If the spelling of one way point is off then we are not allowed to use that waypoint. Also make sure the way points are logical in location, and correct in order. SOL. Spelling, order, location.
Standard service volume of a low VOR
1000 feet to 18,000 feet AGL (not MSL!!!!) 40 nm radius
When doing a radiated VOT what must you do?
You must contact the repair station so they will have the test signal transmitted. They are not authorized to transmit the signal continuously.
Are missed approach way points always at the runway?
Missed approach way points are usually at the runway but not always. If the missed approach way point is at the runway it will usually be called R W # #. Multiple airports can have a waypoint called RW15. If the missed approach way point is before the runway it will usually have a 5 letter identifier.
You have RAIM but not WAAS. How is this important when filing your main airport and alternate?
You can file a GPS-based IAP at either the destination or alternate airport, but not at both locations.
What is it called when the erroneous satellite is removed by RAIM?
This is called Fault Detection and Exclusion. It requires 6 satellites, or 5 satellites and a barometric altimeter input.
What are the only two waypoints on the approach that are not fly-by-waypoints?
The missed approach way point, and the missed approach holding way point are usually the only two waypoints on the approach that are not fly-by -way points. The missed approach way point, and the missed approach holding way point are usually the only two waypoints on the approach that are fly over waypoints.
If our GPS is not WAAS (TSO-C129 or TSO-C196) we will require alternate means of navigation. Are we required to always monitor these alternate means of navigation?
No, not necessarily. If RAIM is available then active monitoring of the alternate navigation equipment is not required. When GPS RAIM is not available, active monitoring of the alternate navigation equipment is required.
Where are locations of airborne check points, ground check points, and VOTs listed?
In the Chart Supplement U.S.
What frequencies does the glide slope transmit on?
329.15 MHz to 335.00 MHz
How does RNAV CDI sensitivity change?
When we are en route the sensitivity will be 2 nm (or 5 nm for non WAAS GPS). 30 NM from the airport reference point, the sensitivity will change from 2 nm to 1 nm. Two miles before the final approach fix, the sensitivity will change from 1 nm to .3 nm. It reaches .3 nm right at the FAF. It will remain .3 nm to the missed approach point. Once past the missed approach point, the scaling will instantly change to 1 nm. Or, if you enact the missed approach in the system it will immediately switch to 1 nm, and give you navigation to the missed approach point.
If your aircraft has TACAN do you need DME equipment?
TACAN will receive distance automatically from a VORTAC. Aircraft with VOR must have a separate DME unit.
Let's say you put in a procedure name but nothing comes up. So then you decide to put in the latitude and longitude instead for the approach. Or you will enter in all the waypoints manually? Is this permissable?
No. Manually entry of way points using latitude/longitude or manual entry of each way point is not permitted for approaches. All approaches must be retrievable by name from the aircraft navigation database.
If a Waypoint has dual use, is it charted as a fly by or a flyover waypoint?
If a waypoint has dual use, the less restrictive "fly-by" symbol will be charted.
What is the power output of marker beacons?
3 watts or less
Can a way point be both fly over and fly by?
Yes. Way points can sometimes have dual use. For example, it might be a fly by way point when used as an IF, and then a fly over way point when used as an IAF. In this case, the fly-by symbology only will be charted though.
If we are not vectored for an RNAV approach, where should we start?
If we are not vectored for an RNAV approach, we should fly the full approach from the initial approach waypoint OR a feeder fix. We are not allowed to start randomly at an intermediate fix because this does not assure terrain clearance.
What are performance based navigation aircraft?
Aircraft navigating by IFR approved GPS.
Is the glide path usable for navigation purposes below the DH?
Not necessarily. According to the FAR/AIM, the glide path might not be suitable for navigation purposes below the DH. This is one reason why we need to go visual at the DH and go missed if we don't have visual cues in sight. If there is no published DH then the glide path is usable all the way to the runway threshold.
Let's say a runway has an ILS on both sides. Can these two ILS be in operation simultaneously?
No
If the glide slope fails, can a pilot do an ILS approach?
In this case the pilot can still do a non precision localizer approach. On the other hand, if the localizer fails the approach is no longer authorized.
What mode should our GPS be set in during departures?
The GPS receiver should be set to terminal (+/- 1 NM) during departures and departure procedures.
What is the operating frequncy of DME?
960 MHZ to 1215 MHZ
The localizer is usable up to 18 nm out. How far out is the glide slope usable?
10 nm. Unless it has been certified for extended service volume.
What is the width of the full deflection (fully left to fully right) of the localizer at the runway threshold?
700 feet. (So then I am guessing 350 feet from the centerline to one side)
How far out does the localizer course guidance go?
18 nm from the antenna installation. 1,000 feet above the highest terrain along the course line to 4,500 feet above the elevation antenna site elevation. 10 nm out from where the antenna installed, the course radiates provides off course indications 35 degrees to either side of the centerline. This narrows down to 10 degrees at the installation site. From 10nm to 18nm the localizer provides off course indications 10 degrees to either side of the centerline.
What three things does a VORTAC provide us?
a VOR azimuth (radial), a TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance information (DME) Although VORTAC has more than one frequency, more than one antenna system, and provides different services, we consider VORTAC to be a unified navigational aid.
A notam lists a procedure as not in service. When you get there though you hear a positive identification from the nav source. Is it ok to fly then?
No. The identification might just be part of their testing.
What kind of approaches do MON airports have?
ILS or VOR
Can we use glide slope on a back course?
No. We should ignore on glide slope signals on the back course unless a glide slope is specified on the approach and landing chart.
How many GPS satellites are in constellation around the world?
24 With at least 5 always visible to a user
How many localizer - glide slope frequency pairings are there?
40
What things can substitute the outer marker?
Precision radar, compass locator, DME Precision radar, compass locators (can substitute marker beacons in general) DME (can substitute only the outer marker
What kind of distance does DME measure?
Slant range distance. Not actual horizontal distance.
How does DME work?
Interrogation signal is sent from the aircraft to the ground station, and a response signal is sent from the station to the aircraft. The time required for the round trip of the signal exchange is measured in the airborne DME unit and is translated into distance from the aircraft to the ground station.
Standard service volume of a high VOR
1000 feet to 14,500 feet AGL (not MSL!!!!!!) 40 nm radius 14,500 feet AGL to 18,000 feet AGL 100 nm radius 18,000 feet AGL to 45,000 feet AGL 130 nm radius 45,000 feet AGL to 60,000 feet AGL 100 nm radius
If the localizer fails, can a pilot do an ILS approach?
No. If the localizer fails, the ILS approach is not authorized.
Standard service volume of a terminal VOR
1000 feet to 12,000 feet AGL (not MSL!) 25 nm radius
Localizer frequency range
108.10 MHz to 111.95 MHz at odd tenths (e.g. 108.3)
What is the en route sensitivity for a non WAAS GPS?
The en route sensitivity for a non WAAS GPS is 5 nm from the centerline. This changes to 1 nm in terminal mode. A WAAS GPS is 2 nm when en route. This changes to 1 nm in terminal mode. These numbers tell us about full deflection. When we are at the end of an approach full deflection means we are .3 nm off the course centerline. On the other hand, when we are in terminal mode, a full course deflection means we are 1 nm off course.
What are the three parts of the ILS system?
Guidance information: localizer and glide slope Range information: marker beacon, DME Visual information: approach lights, touchdown and centerline lights, runway lights
Section 19
(36 cards)