Section 1
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What is the bioethical concern with stem cells?
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
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Section 1
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What is the bioethical concern with stem cells?
When the donor risk for stem cell transplants are high, there is high ethical conflict and people don't want to support that; when donor risk is low, there is low ethical conflict because this conversation isn't as controversial or harmful
What is the ethical concern with induced pluripotent stem cells?
Very expensive, very new, limited success
What are cell cycle checkpoints?
Cell cycle checkpoints are beneficial and important for the cell because it makes sure the cell has all the necessary things it needs and is the right size
What is growth
it is an increase in an organisms number of cells
Will the original cell and the two identical daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes, why or why not
Yes because during synthesis the original cells DNA is replicated, doubling the number of chromosomes. Then when the cell divides each daughter cell will have the original number of chromosomes.
What is a silent mutation
When DNA is changed, but it still codes for the correct amino acid
What is anaphase and what occurs during it
the third stage of mitosis the identical chromosomes move away from each other (right and left)
What are/is the source(s) of mutations
Generally mutations occur in the DNA sequence (more specifically in the mRNA base)
Why does a cell need to be able to divide
Cells need to stay small To keep an organism growing To replace injured or dead cells
What are the steps in the cloning process/ somatic cell nuclear transfer?
the nucleus of a somatic stem cell donor (organism being cloned) is removed and replaces the nucleus of an unfertilized egg from the egg cell donor, and then implanted into a womb
What are late Embryonic stem cells?
Occur during 7 days to 8 weeks -pluripotent: they can potentially turn into most kinds of cells & come from in-vitro (embryos not used in fertilization)
Why is cellular reproduction essential for an organism to sustain life
All organisms need multiple cells and as they grow and develop the number of cells increases
What does chromosomes in DNA look like?
Look like individual strings of yarn that you can tell where one ends and starts from another (not a huge mass) -happens from prophase till telophase
What is a nonsense mutation
When an amino acid's codon is changed to a stop codon, causing translation to end early and proteins to not function properly
What is interphase and what happens during it
it is the first stage of the cell cycle and cell growth, DNA replication, and protein synthesis occur
What is natural cloning vs artificial cloning?
Natural: where an embryo divides and creates 2 identical twins Artificial: Through somatic cell nuclear transfer, you are able to create an identical copy of an organism by taking out and replacing nuclei in a lab
What is mitosis
it is the process when cells divide into two identical daughter cells
What are Early embryonic stem cells?
Occur for the first 6 days -totipotent: they can turn into any other kind of cell & come from in-vitro (embryos not used in fertilization)
Induced pluripotent stem cells
pluripotent: they can potentially turn into most kinds of cells found in a labratory, they are grown on a petri-dish (they are differentiated body cells that have been converted into pluripotent stem cells)
Mitosis ----> _____________ Stem cells ------> ________________
growth, development
What is a benefit to cloning
a dying or endangered species could be potentially saved, can make organs
What does chromatin look like in a cell?
thin and stringy mass that covers the whole nucleus and is one big mass -starts before prophase and re-occurs in telophase
Why does a cell need to divide
to keep an organism growing, to keep cells small, and to replace injured or dead cells
What is insertion
the addition of a nucleotide to a DNA sequence & changes the multiples of 3 codons from the point of insertion
What is the ethical concern with embryonic stem cells?
Ethical concerns over destroying embryos
What is a point mutation
a change in just one nucleotide base pair
What are the stages of development?
1. Fertilization: sperm meets egg 2. Zygote: fertilized egg 3. Embryo: from zygote until 8 weeks old 4. Fetus: from 8 weeks old till birth
What is the difference between a healthy and a cancerous cell
normal cells: can only divide a certain number of times, are beneficial to other cells cancerous cells: divide over and over, behave in ways that are harmful to other cells
What is deletion
the loss of a nucleotide from a DNA sequence & changes the multiples of 3 codons from the point of deletion
What is a stem cell?
a cell whose job in the body is not yet determined
What is a mutation
mistakes in DNA that will lead to mistakes in proteins
What are the benefits of having stem cells transplanted
when patients recieve donor stem cells, they migrate to the bone marrow and begin producing new, healthy blood cells
What are common treatments for cancer
surgery chemotherapy radiation gene therapy targeted therapies hormone therapy
What is protein synthesis?
The making of proteins DNA makes RNA through transcription, RNA makes proteins through translation
How is a zygote created through fertilization
a sperm cell meets an egg cell and fertilization combines the chromosomes of each parent, creating a zygote, and then later forming into an embryo
What is a point mutation?
a change in one base pair
What are Somatic stem cells?
-multipotent: they have a limited number of cells they can turn into because they already have a job -found in bone marrow, umbilical cord, and more, but others are risky & found in fully developed humans (infants and children too)
What is a frame shift mutation
it causes the codons to shift left or right and changes the frame of the amino acid sequence (a nucleotide is lost or gained)
What is metaphase and what occurs during it
the second stage of mitosis the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
What is cytokineses?
This happens at the very end of mitosis after telophase and the cell's cytoplasm splits and then the membrane splits, creating two identical cells.
What is telophase and what occurs during it
the fourth stage of mitosis the chromosome turns back into chromatin on both sides of the cell and the cytoplasm is divided into 2
What is prophase and what occurs during it
the first stage of mitosis Chromatin turns into chromosomes (chromatin coils up)
How does a cell become cancerous
carcinogens (substances known to cause DNA mutations and lead to cancer) tobacco, asbestos, radiation, UV light, alcohol, x-rays Genetics (genes you are born with already have mutations)
What is a risk to cloning
an organisms body may not fully develop properly and the embryo might die
What is a substitution point mutation?
When one base is exchanged for another
what is development
it is adding new skills and/or structures to an organism (changes)
What are the 3 stages in Interphase?
1. G1- cell grows and produces more organelles 2. Synthesis- DNA replication 3. G2- final prep stage where cell preps for division & goes through protein synthesis
What is a missense mutation
when DNA code is altered so it codes for 1 wrong amino acid
Why are stem cells significant compared to other cells of the body
stem cells can differentiate, or change, into any other type of body cell, so when a baby is growing it is able to take these cells and turn them into whatever cells they need
What can a mutation do to a protein
It can change the shape of a protein
Section 2
(1 card)