Section 1
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Acoustic shielding
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Cards (276)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Acoustic shielding
A sound barrier that prevents the transmission of acoustic energy.
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
Angular momentum
Also called moment of momentum, it is the cross product of position vector and momentum.
Acceleration due to gravity
The acceleration imparted to bodies by the attractive force of the earth or any other heavenly body.
Angle of refraction
The angle between the refracted ray and the normal.
Brownian motion
The continuous random motion of solid microscopic particles when suspended in a fluid medium due to the consequence of ongoing bombardment by atoms and molecules.
Antineutrino
The antiparticle of neutrino, it has zero mass and spin ½.
Angle of repose
The angle of inclination of a plane with the horizontal such that a body placed on the plane is at the verge of sliding.
Black body
An ideal body which would absorb all incident radiation and reflect none.
Absorptance
The ratio of the total absorbed radiation to the total incident radiation.
Bulk's modulus of elasticity
The ratio of normal stress to the volumetric strain produced in a body.
Annihilation
A process in which a particle and antiparticle combine and release their rest energies in other particles.
Capacitor
Electrical device used to store charge and energy in the electrical field.
Beta particle
An electron emitted from a nucleus in radioactive decay.
Beat
A phenomenon of the periodic variation in the intensity of sound due to superposition of waves differing slightly in frequency.
Angle of incidence
The angle between the incident ray and the normal.
Capillarity
The rise or fall of a liquid in a tube of very fine bore.
Angle of reflection
The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
Absolute humidity
The ratio of water vapor in a sample of air to the volume of the sample.
Bar
A unit of pressure, equal to 10^5 Pascals.
Achromatic
Capable of transmitting light without decomposing it into its constituent colors.
atomic mass unit
It is equal to one-twelfth the mass of C -12 isotope of carbon, 1 amu = 1.66 x 10^-27 Kg.
Angular velocity
The rate of change of angular displacement with time.
Buoyant force
upward force on an object immersed in fluid.
Angstrom
A unit of length, 1 = 10^-10 m.
Archimedes principle
A body immersed in a fluid experiences an apparent loss in weight which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
Angle of contact
The angle between tangents to the liquid surface and the solid surface inside the liquid, both the tangents drawn at the point of contact.
Amplitude
The maximum absolute value attained by the disturbance of a wave or by any quantity that varies periodically.
Calorie
A unit of heat, 1Calorie = 4.186 joules.
Acoustics
The science of the production, transmission and effects of sound.
Ampere
Unit of electric current, one ampere is the flow of one coulomb of charge per second.
Baryon
Subatomic particle composed of three quarks.
Amorphous
Solids which have neither definite form nor structure.
Adiabatic
Any change in which there is no gain or loss of heat.
Brewster's law
States that the refractive index of a material is equal to the tangent of the polarizing angle for the material.
Candela
The S.I. unit of luminous intensity defined as the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits monochromatic photons of frequency 540 x 1012 Hz & has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 W/sr
Alternating current
The electric current that changes its direction periodically.
Avogadro number
The number of molecules in a gram molecular weight of a substance, it is equal to 6.02 x 10^23.
Albedo
The fraction of the total light incident on a reflecting surface, especially a celestial body, which is reflected back in all directions.
Boyle's law
For a given mass of a gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
Capacitance
The ratio of charge stored per increase in potential difference.
Balmer lines
Lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom in visible range, produced by transition between n 2 and n = 2, n is the principal quantum no.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
Afocal lens
A lens of zero convergent power, whose focal points are infinitely distant.
Absolute zero
The temperature of - 273.16 or 0 K at which molecular motion vanishes.
Binding energy
The net energy required to decompose a system into its constituent particles.
Alpha particle
The nucleus of a helium atom (two protons and two neutrons) emitted as radiation from a decaying heavy nucleus.
Avogadro's law
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of molecules.
Bernoulli's theorem
The total energy per unit volume of a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in a streamline flow remains constant.
Black hole
The remaining core of a supernova that is so dense that even light cannot escape.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Decibel
Unit of sound level, if P1 & P2 are two amounts of power, the first is said to be n decibels greater, where n = 10 log10 (P1/P2)
Critical angle
The angle of incidence in a denser medium for which angle of refraction is .
Fluids
Matter that has the ability to flow.
Cyclotron
A device used to accelerate the charged particles.
Fermat's principle
An electromagnetic wave takes a path that involves the least time when propagating between two points.
Displacement
The shortest distance between the initial and final position of a moving body. It is a vector quantity.
Clausius' statement of second law of Thermodynamics
It is not possible that at the end of a cycle of changes heat has been transferred from a colder body to a hotter body without producing some other effect.
Einstein mass energy relation
E = mc^2, E is the energy released, m is the mass defect and c is the speed of light.
Electromagnetic induction
The process in which current is induced in a coil whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with the coil.
Coefficient of superficial expansion
The increase in area per unit original area per degree rise in temperature.
Charles' law
For a given mass of a gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the temperature.
Fraunhoffer lines
The dark lines in the spectrum of sun.
Free fall
The motion of a body under the effect of gravity alone.
Electrical conductors
The materials that have free electrons and allow current to flow through them.
Coulomb's law
The force between any two charges is directly proportional to the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
Electron volt
The energy gained by an electron when it passes through a potential difference of one volt, it is equal to 1.60 x 10^-19 Joules.
Exothermic process
The process in which heat is evolved.
Faraday
The electric charge required to liberate gram equivalent of a substance. 1 Faraday = 96485 coulomb/mole.
Fundamental frequency
The lowest frequency at which a system vibrates freely.
Frequency
The number of oscillations completed in 1 second by an oscillating body.
Direct current
An electrical current which always flows in one direction.
Farad
The S.I.unit of capacitance, defined as the capacitance of a capacitor that, if charged to 1 C, has a potential difference of 1 V.
Graham's law of diffusion
The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.
Electric potential energy
The energy due to the position of a charge near other charges.
Convection
The transfer of heat by the actual transfer of matter.
Dispersion
The splitting of white light into its component colors.
Doppler Effect
The apparent change in the frequency of a wave due to relative motion between the source and the observer.
Electrical insulators
The materials which do not allow current to flow through them.
Gamma ray
A high energy photon.
Distance
The actual path length covered by a body. It is a scalar quantity.
Escape Velocity
The minimum velocity with which an object must be thrown upwards so as to overcome the gravitational pull, it is equal to , where M is the mass of the planet and R is the radius of the planet.
Condensation point
The temperature at which a gas or vapor changes back to liquid.
Coefficient of linear expansion
The increase in length per unit original length per degree rise in temperature.
Gravitational constant (G)
The constant of proportionality in Newton's law of gravitation, G = 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm2/kg2
Conduction
The transfer of heat from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by increased kinetic energy moving from molecule to molecule.
Coefficient of volumetric expansion
The increase in volume per unit original volume per degree rise in temperature.
Electric current
The rate of flow of electric charge.
Centrifugal force
An outward pseudo force acting on a body in circular motion.
Coherent source
A source in which there is a constant phase difference between waves emitted from different parts of the source.
Carnot's theorem
No engine operating between two temperatures can be more efficient than a reversible engine working between the same two temperatures.
Electrical resistance
The property to oppose the flow of current.
Closed system
The system which cannot exchange heat or matter with the surroundings.
Endothermic process
The process in which heat is absorbed.
Dioptre
Unit of power of a lens.
Focus
The point to which rays that are initially parallel to the axis of a lens or mirror are converged or from which they appear to diverge.
Centripetal force
The radial force required to keep an object moving in a circular path; it is equal to mv2/r.
Electric field line
An imaginary curve tangent to which at a point gives the direction of electric field at that point.
Density
The mass of a substance per unit volume.
Diffraction
The bending of light around the corners of an object.
Chromatic aberration
An optical lens defect causing color fringes, because the lens brings different colors of light to focus at different points.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Magnetic domain
Small regions in permanent magnets within which atomic or molecular magnetic moments are aligned parallel.
Law of conservation of momentum
In the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a group of interacting objects remains constant.
Kinetic energy
The energy possessed by a body due to its motion, it is equal to ½ mv2, where m is the mass and v is the speed of the body
Light-year
The distance traveled by light through empty space in one year, it is equal to 9.46 x 1012 km.
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with same atomic no (no of protons) but different mass no (no of neutrons).
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
It is impossible to have a particle that has an arbitrarily well-defined position and momentum at the same time.
Latent heat of vaporization
The quantity of heat required to convert one unit mass of a substance from liquid to gaseous state at its boiling point without any change in its temperature.
Interference
The redistribution of energy due to superposition of waves from coherent sources, resulting in alternate light and dark bands.
Luminosity
The total amount of energy radiated each second from the surface of a source.
Huygens'principle
Each point on a light wavefront can be regarded as a source of secondary waves, the envelope of these secondary waves determining the position of the wavefront at a later time.
Kepler's first law of planetary motion
Each planet moves in an elliptical orbit, with the sun located at one of the foci.
Ice-point
The melting point of ice under 1 atm pressure, it is equal to 0 or 32.
Insulators
Materials like wood that are poor conductors of heat or electricity.
Internal energy
Sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of all molecules of an object.
Hertz
The unit of frequency, also known as cycles per second.
Ideal gas Equation
PV = nRT
Impulse
The product of force and time for which force acts, also equal to the change in momentum.
Maser
Microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Malus law
The intensity of the light transmitted from the analyzer varies directly as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane of transmission of analyzer and polarizer.
Joule
The unit of work and energy, 1J = 1N-m.
Infrasonic
Sound waves of frequency less than 20 Hz, below the range of human hearing.
Gravitational potential at a point
The amount of work done against the gravitational forces to move a particle of unit mass from infinity to that point.
Kepler's second law of planetary motion
The radius vector joining the planet to the sun covers equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Latent heat of fusion
The quantity of heat required to convert one unit mass of a substance from solid to the liquid state at its melting point without any change in its temperature.
Kepler's third law of planetary motion
The square of the period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of the semi major axis of the orbit.
Ground state
The lowest energy state of an atom.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another.
Longitudinal strain
The ratio of change in length of a body to its initial length.
Horsepower
unit of power, 1H.P. = 746 Watts.
Magnetic field
The region around a magnet where its magnetic force is experienced by other magnetic objects.
Isothermal process
In which temperature remains constant.
Kelvin's statement of second law of thermodynamics
It is impossible that, at the end of a cycle of changes, heat has been extracted from a reservoir and an equal amount of work has been produced without producing some other effect.
Lenz's law
The induced current always flows in such a direction that it opposes the cause producing it.
Kilocalorie
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 , 1 Kcal = 1000 calories.
Laser
A device that produces coherent light by stimulated emission of radiation.
Latent heat of sublimation
The quantity of heat required to convert one unit mass of a substance from solid to gaseous state without any change in its temperature.
Magnification
The ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.
Gravitational potential energy
The energy possessed by a body due to its position.
Magnetic reversal
The changing of polarity of the earth's magnetic field as the north magnetic pole and the south magnetic pole exchange positions.
Magnetic wave
The spread of magnetization from a small portion of a substance where an abrupt change in the magnetic field has taken place.
Joule's law of heating
The heat produced when a current 'I' flows through a resistor 'R' for a given time't' is given by Q =I^2 R t.
Longitudinal wave
The particles of the medium oscillate in the direction of propagation of the wave.
Hooke's law
Within elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain.
Gravity
The gravitational attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body.
Lyman series
A group of lines in the ultraviolet region in the spectrum of hydrogen.
Isobaric process
In which pressure remains constant.
Half-life
The time during which half the number of atoms in the element disintegrate.
Law of conservation of mass
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Isochoric process
In which volume remains constant.
Inertia
The property of a body to resist a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion.
Section 4
(50 cards)
Newton's law of gravitation
The gravitational force of attraction acting between any two particles is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force of attraction acts along the line joining the two particles.
Modulus of elasticity
The ratio of stress to the strain produced in a body.
Photons
A quanta of energy in light wave; the particle associated with light.
Paschen series
A group of lines in the infrared region in the spectrum of hydrogen.
Optical fiber
A long, thin thread of fused silica, used to transmit light, based on total internal reflection.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers; thus, a maximum of two electrons can occupy a given orbital.
Mass defect
The difference between the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons forming a nucleus and the actual mass of that nucleus.
Nucleus
The central, positively charged, dense portion of an atom.
Monochromatic light
Consisting of single wavelength.
Mechanical energy
The sum of energy possessed by a body due to its position, configuration and motion.
Pascal's law
The pressure exerted on a liquid is transmitted equally in all directions.
Mass number
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
Progressive wave
A wave which transfers energy from one part of a medium to another.
Period of oscillation
The time required for one complete oscillation.
Periodic motion
The motion which repeats itself after regular intervals of time.
Newton's second law of motion
The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force applied.
Polaroid or polarizer
A device that produces polarized light.
Millibar
A measure of atmospheric pressure equivalent to 1000 dynes per cm 2.
Modulus of rigidity
The ratio of tangential stress to the shear strain produced in a body.
Newton
The unit of force, equal to the force that will produce an acceleration of 1m/s2 in a body of mass1 kg.
Nuclear force
The strong force that exists between the nucleons.
Potential Energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or configuration.
Pascal
A unit of pressure, equal to the pressure resulting from a force of 1 Newton acting uniformly over an area of 1m^2.
Photoelectric effect
The emission of electrons in some materials when light of suitable frequency falls on them.
Natural frequency
The frequency, with which a system oscillates in the absence of external forces, it depends on the size, composition, and shape of the object.
Momentum
The product of mass and velocity of a body, it is a measure of the quantity of motion in a body.
Mechanical wave
The waves, which need a material medium for their propagation, e.g., Sound waves.
Nuclear fusion
The combination of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus with an accompanying release of energy.
Principle quantum number
A quantum number that describes the main energy level of an electron in terms of its most probable distance from the nucleus.
MeV
Unit of energy, equal to 1.6 x 10^-13 joules.
Positron
An elementary particle having same mass as that of an electron but equal and positive charge.
Peltier effect
The evolution or absorption of heat at the junction of two dissimilar metals carrying current.
Newton's first law of motion
A body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external (unbalanced) force.
Planck's constant
The ratio of energy to frequency, equal to 6.63 x 10^-34 joule-sec.
Power
The rate of doing work.
Nucleons
A collective name for protons and neutrons.
Newton's third law of motion
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Nuclear fission
The splitting a heavy nucleus into more stable, lighter nuclei with an accompanying release of energy.
Plasma
A highly ionized gas composed entirely of equal number of positive ions and electrons.
Ohm
Unit of resistance; 1 ohm = 1volt/ampere.
Mole
The amount of a substance that contains Avogadro's number of atoms, ions, molecules, or any other chemical unit; a mole is 6.02 x 10^23 atoms, ions, or other chemical units.
Polarized Light
Light whose constituent transverse waves are all vibrating in the same plane.
Primary colors
Three colors red, yellow and blue, which can be combined in various proportions to produce any other color.
Megahertz
Unit of frequency, equal to 106 hertz.
Mean life
The average time during which a system, such as an atom, nucleus, exists in a specified form.
Open system
A system across whose boundaries both matter and energy can pass.
Plasticity
The property of a solid whereby it undergoes a permanent change in shape or size when subjected to a stress.
Pressure
The force per unit area.
Oscillatory motion
The to and fro motion of a body about its mean position.
Ohm's law
The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor.
Section 5
(50 cards)
Refraction
The bending of light from its straight line path when it travels from one medium to another.
Thermal Capacity
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the whole body by 1 .
Standing waves
The waves formed due to superposition of two waves of same frequency and traveling in opposite directions with same speed.
Saturated air
Air in which equilibrium exists between evaporation and condensation; the relative humidity is 100 percent.
Sonic boom
Sound waves that pile up into a shock wave when a source is traveling at or faster than the speed of sound.
Thermal Expansion
The increase in the size of an object on heating.
Specific heat
The amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 .
Superconductors
Some materials in which, under certain conditions, the electrical resistance approaches zero.
Quantum limit
The shortest wavelength, present in a continuous x-ray spectrum.
Relative density
The ratio of density of a substance to the density of water at 4 .
Shear stress
The restoring force developed per unit area when deforming force acts tangentially to the surface of body producing change in the shape of the body without any change in volume.
Tesla
Unit of magnetic flux density, defined as the magnetic flux density of a magnetic flux of 1 Wb through an area of 1m^2.
Radiation
The emission and propagation of waves transmitting energy through space or through some medium.
Shear strain
The ratio of the relative displacements of one plane to its distance from the fixed plane.
Rigid body
An idealized extended body whose size and shape is fixed and remains unaltered when forces are applied.
Solenoid
A cylindrical coil of wire that becomes electromagnetic when a current flows through it
Steam-point
It is the temperature of steam over pure boiling water under 1 atm pressure. It is equal to 100 or 212 .
Radioactive decay law
The rate of disintegration of a radioactive substance is directly proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei.
Refractive index
The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to that in the medium.
Rarefaction
A part of a longitudinal wave in which the density of the particles of the medium is less than the normal density.
Reverberation
The prolongation of sound at a given point after direct reception from the source has ceased, it is due to reflections from the boundary surfaces.
Spin quantum number
From quantum mechanics model of the atom, one of four descriptions of the energy state of an electron wave; this quantum number describes the spin orientation of an electron relative to an external magnetic field.
Second's Pendulum
A simple pendulum whose time period on the surface of earth is 2 seconds.
Simple harmonic motion
The vibratory motion that occurs when the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from mean position and is directed opposite to the displacement.
Radioactive decay constant
A specific constant for a particular isotope which is the ratio of the rate of nuclear disintegration per unit time to the total number of radioactive nuclei.
Speed
The distance traveled by a body per unit of time.
Real image
An image which can be projected on a screen.
Resultant Force
A single force, which acts on a body to produce the same effect in it as, done by all other forces collectively.
Restoring force
The force which tends to bring an oscillating body towards its mean position whenever it is displaced from the mean position.
Stefan-Boltzmann law
The amount of energy radiated per second per unit area of a perfectly black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the surface of the body.
Radioactive decay series
Series of decay reactions that begin with one radioactive nucleus that decays to a second nucleus that decays to a third nucleus and so on until a stable nucleus is reached.
Semiconductors
Elements whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a conductor and an insulator.
Projectile
An object which after being given an initial velocity is allowed to fall under the effect of gravity alone.
Q unit
A unit of energy, used in measuring the heat energy of fuel reserves, equal to 1018 British thermal units, or approximately 1.055x10^21 joules.
Quark
One of the hypothetical basic particles, having charges whose magnitudes are one-third or two-third of the charge on an electron.
Radiant energy
The form of energy that can travel through space; for example, visible light and other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Rectilinear Motion
The motion of a body in a straight line.
Quanta
Fixed amounts; usually referring to fixed amounts of energy absorbed or emitted by matter.
Surface tension
The property of a liquid due to which its surface behaves like a stretched membrane.
Reflection
The bouncing back of a wave from a boundary.
Siemens
The derived S.I. unit of electrical conductance, equal to the conductance of an element that has a resistance of 1 ohm, also written as ohm^-1.
Quantum mechanics
Model of the atom based on the wave nature of subatomic particles, the mechanics of electron waves; also called wave mechanics.
Relative humidity
The percentage of the amount of water vapor actually present in a certain volume of the air to the amount of water vapor needed to saturate it.
Snell's law
The ratio of sin i to sin r is a constant and is equal to the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first.
Radioactive decay
The natural spontaneous disintegration or decomposition of a nucleus.
Resonance
When the frequency of an external force matches the natural frequency of the body then the body oscillates with large amplitude.
Thermal Equilibrium
When the two bodies in contact are at the same temperature and there is no flow of heat between them, these are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
Resolving power
A quantitative measure of the ability of an optical instrument to produce separable images of different points of an object.
Quantum numbers
Numbers that describe energy states of an electron.
Scalar Quantity
A physical quantity, which is described completely by its magnitude.
Section 6
(26 cards)