Section 1
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homeostasis
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Cards (204)
Section 1
(50 cards)
homeostasis
Balancing human or any living organisms
multicellular
made of many cells
experimental design
Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV groups) in an experiment.
Endocytosis
Movement into a cell
Isotonic Solution
The same concentration of dissolved substances. Water in = water out.
Hypertonic Solution
Higher concentration of solutes outside cell than inside
Biology
The study of living organisms and how they function.
Scientific Method
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
mitochondrion
carries out cellular respiration; rod-shaped organelle that makes energy for the cell to function with; converts the energy stored in food to energy the cell can use (ATP); "powerhouse" of cell
cell wall
rigid layer surrounding the cells of plants
plasma membrane
forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings; made if phospholipids
Turgid
Cell may explode under pressure due to a hypotonic solution.
Phagocytosis
A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs solids into a cell
Osmosis
A passive movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
variable
factors that are kept constant or unchanging.
Plasmolyse
When a cell has shrunk
eukaryote
animal cell with nucleus
conclusion
The final ending or idea of a process
Hypotonic Solution
A cell has more solute inside than outside.
Organelles
tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific functions
Smooth ER
network or tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface; functions in a variety of different metabolic processes such as synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipid and steroids; process drugs, alcohol, and store calcium ions
quantitative observations
measuring something with numbers
chloroplast
green structure that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy that cells can use in making food.
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins from the ER and materials and sends them to other parts of the cell
qualitative observations
detailed examination with your senses only
Facilitated Diffusion
A passive movement of particles from high to low concentration through a protein channel in a cell.
metabolism
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life
Active Transport
An active movement where an input of energy is required. Particles move from low concentration to high concentration
ribosomes
small grain-shaped organelle that produces proteins
Hypothesis
1st part of the scientific method
unicellular
single-celled organism
plasmodesma
nucleus
oval-shaped organelle that contains DNA and controls much of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis
nucleolus
nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells; makes rRNA to form the subunits of ribosomes, which then exit to the cytoplasm
prokaryote
plant, bacteria or archea cell
lysosome
membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes; contains chemicals that break down bigger food particles so they can be used in the cell; also break down used cell parts. The cell's "recycling center".
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that form within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; directs the cells' functions
cytoplasm
the thick fluid region of a cell inside the membrane or next to the nucleus
vacuole
sac-like organelle that holds water, food and organisms; can also store waste products until removed
heredity
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Rough ER
network of tubular membanes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a rough surface (ribosomes are attached to it); helps the ribosomes make proteins, such as insulin
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out; found in animal cells
observation
The process of studying of something to gain information.
Scientific question
Questions that can be answered by using experiments and factual reasoning.
Pinocytosis
A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs liquid into the cell.
inference
A conclusion made up of facts and inferring knowledge.
Lysosome
A vesicle that contains destructive/digestive chemicals
Diffusion
The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. This happens along a concentration gradient
prediction
A statement about the hypothesis
Exocytosis
Movement out of a cell
Section 2
(50 cards)
Animal Cell
What type of cell is this?
cytoskeleton
networks of protein fibers that extend through the cell
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
ATP
Adenine Triphosphate - main energy source for cellular work
cellular metabolism
chemical activities of cells
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
processes, warehouses and ships (outside and inside cell) ER products
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Plant Cell
What type of cell is this?
DNA
What is the most common term for the biological polymer found in chromosomes that stores genetic information?
X) cell wall
Which of the following is NOT a structure found in human cells: W) mitochondrion X) cell wall Y) lysosome Z) peroxisome
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Osmosis
The spontaneous movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane in order to create equilibrium.
Organs
Made of thousands of cells, connected by several body systems to do work to keep our bodies healthy & alive.
what makes up the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
Cell
What is the basic unit of life?
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
phospholipid bilayer
thin membrane of lipid molecules
thylakoids
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
cells
Small part of all living things.
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
vesicle
sacs made of membranes
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
nuclear envelope
double membrane enclosing the nucleus; controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
cellular respiration
C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things
Chloroplast
In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
cristae
folds in the mitochondria that increase the surface area and therefore its ability to produce ATP
cilia
the appendages that propel certain cells
photosynthesis equation(very important)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Body Systems
Sets of organs in our bodies that do the work to keep us healthy and alive.
where are ribosomes found?
free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope
Nucleus
These structures are located inside of a cell's...
why are cells so small?
smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Nucleus
What organelle functions to isolate a human cell's chromosomes from the cytoplasm?
centriole
small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
stroma
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
sunlight
main source of energy
flagella
a projection from a prokaryotic cell that propels it through its liquid environment
endomembrane system
A system of membranes that are specific to a eukaryotic cell. Some are physically connected, while others link when vesicles transfer membrane segments between them.
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth
cytosol
part of cytoplasm not held by an organelle
Photosynthesis
It is generally believed that most of the oxygen in the air on Earth today came from what general biological process:
Section 3
(50 cards)
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Model
An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
Abiogenesis
The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.
Cytology
The study of cells.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
Physical change
A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.
Chemical change
A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
Mutualism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Element
A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Microorganisms
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
Molecules
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
Exponential growth
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Phase
One of the three forms--solid, liquid, or gas--which every substance is capable of attaining.
Logistic growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Reproduction
Producing more cells.
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
Commonesalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Homeostasis
Maintaining the status quo.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
Section 4
(50 cards)
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
CONTROL VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.
gene
sections of chromosomes made of DNA that code for traits. The basic unit of heredity.
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
differentiation
process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
pH
a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; Latin for "probably hydrogens".
ecology
the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
plasma
Liquid portion of blood
asexual reproduction
1 parent
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
natural selection
process in which organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive to reproduce. Ex. the idea of ____ ______ was first presented by Charles Darwin.
Intermediate filaments
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments.
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
Microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in a cell's cytoskeleton.
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS
mutation
a change in the DNA of a gene.
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
genome
the complete genetic material contained in an individual.
Cytoplasmic streaming
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
regulation
process by which organisms maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment.
Active transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.
metabolism
all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.
development
the change in shape or organisms over time. Ex. a child's ________ is very fast.
ingestion
taking in food from the environment.
Plasmolysis
Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water.
Central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
heredity
the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Ex. scientists know that _____ can increase chances for certain diseases.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.
interdependence
organisms in a biological community live and interact with other organisms.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Phospholipid
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
organism
any living thing; something that meets all criteria of life. Ex. so far, we have not found proof of any living ________ on another planet.
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
Pinocytic vesicle
Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules.
Section 5
(4 cards)