Section 1
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3. What is a tundra?
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Section 1
(50 cards)
3. What is a tundra?
The tundra is characterized by permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil, long cold winters
2. Two or more elements joined together in definite amounts is a _________
compound
3. List the organization of ecology from smallest to largest.
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
2. A multicellular organism's cells have many differences in cell shape, size and components. This is specialization. This allows cells to ___________ different functions.
perform
2. Physical components of an ecosystem are called__________________
abiotic factors
1. Explain how the mountain ranges and ocean currents have an effect on regional climates.
Mountains: As moist ocean air rises over the upwind side of coastal mountains, it condenses, cools, and drops precipitation. As the air sinks on the downwind side of the mountain, it expands, warms, and absorbs moisture. Ocean Currents: Cold ocean currents that flow from north to south have the effect of making summers in the region cool relative to other places at the same latitude
2. Put the following in order from on land to the middle of the ocean. coastal ocean, intertidal zone, open ocean
intertidal zone, coastal ocean, open ocean
1. What are the main 3 atomic particles?
protons, neutrons, electrons
3. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions is known as a _________________
scientific theory
3.Describe the components of the water cycle or nutrient cycles.
1. A natural phenomenon that maintains Earth's temperature range is ______ _______.
greenhouse effect
2. Why are decomposers and detritivores so important in food webs?
They recycle organic material
2. What are the four main types of organic molecules?
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
1. What are the primary producers on land and water?
plants and algae
1. What is the process or the series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time, that occurs in an ecosystem after a disturbance?
ecological succession
2. An algal bloom, or a dramatic increase in algae and other primary producers is caused by a sudden increase in a _________nutrient.
limiting
4. Draw a nitrogen atom. Show charges and label locations. The atomic # for nitrogen is 7 and the mass number is 14.
4. What is temperate woodland?
Temperate forests are mostly made up of deciduous and evergreen coniferous (koh nif ur us) trees. Cold to moderate winters; warm summers; year round precipitation; fertile soils
2. Name the very important pioneer species.
lichen
3. What is the percent of energy available within one trophic level when transferred to the next?
Only 10% is transferred to the next tropic level
3. The reactants combined with the enzymes are called _____________
enzyme substrate complex
1. Population numbers and how they are arranged (randomly, uniformly, clumped) are referred to as population density and _______
distribution
3. Explain what the words autotroph and heterotroph mean.
autotroph: make their own food heterotroph: obtain food from other organisms
2. A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific is a _______
bias, opinion
2. The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sink results in _______ _________.
global wind patterns
4. What do ecological pyramids show?
An ecological pyramid (also trophic pyramid, eltonian pyramid, energy pyramid, or sometimes food pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem
4. List why are wetlands are important.
Estuaries serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and shellfish species
1. Many organic (come from living things) molecules that are extremely large are called ______________
macromolecules
2. When a mixture of two or more substances are together in a liquid and evenly spread out and mixed, the liquid is said to be a_________
solution
4. How do scientists study ecology?
by looking at the biotic and abiotic fators in an ecosytem
3. Ionic bonds occur when 1 or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, what is the bond called when electon(s) are shared? ___________
covalent
2. Birth and immigration cause population growth. Death and _________ cause population decreases.
emigration
1. The variable of an experiment that is deliberately changed is called the Independent (manipulated) variable. What is the name of the variable that responds to the independent variable? __________________
dependent variable
3. The way in which organisms keep everything inside their bodies constant and within certain limits is called______________
homeostasis
1. What is the term of the part of a chemical reaction that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction?_____________
catalysist
3. Attraction between molecules of the same substance is __________
cohesion
1. The biological influences on an organism are called______________
biotic factors
3. When a community has returned to "normal" and there is once again diversity the community is said to be a ______ community.
climax
4. Draw the pH scale.
3. Why is an organisms niche like a person's occupation?
an organism can "make a living" and survive in its niche
4. Compare and contrast decomposers and detritivores.
1."Decomposer" is a general term while detritivores are one of the classifications of decomposers. 2.Decomposers break down the dead organisms through decomposition while the detritivores consume the decaying organisms. 3.Most decomposers are in the forms of bacteria or fungus whereas the detritivores come in different forms, namely; worms, millipedes, woodlice, dung flies, and slugs in the terrestrial aspect.
1. Compare and contrast food chains and food webs.
FOOD CHAINS FOLLOW A SINGLE PATH AS ANIMALS EAT EACH OTHER FOOD WEBS SHOW HOW PLANTS & ANIMALS ARE INTERCONNECTED BY DIFFERENT PATHS
2. What is a tropical rain forest?
Near equator, at least 2 meters rain per year
3. An area where fresh water river meets the ocean water is called an ________
estuary
2. Put the symbols in the correct order. + , products, reactants,
reactants + reactants = products
1. If the ground beneath the ocean water is being discussed, the word ________ describes it best.
benthos
1. The branch of biology that deals with interactions among organisms and their environment is_______________.
ecology
1. Draw a polar water molecule and show the charges.
2. How do they obtain energy to make food?
photosynthesis
1. List characteristics of living things.
1. made of cells 2. use energy 3. grow and develop 4. reproduce 5. respond to environment
Section 2
(50 cards)
1. Draw and label the chloroplast organelle.
3. Explain a nonrenewable resource and give an example.
Natural processes cannot replenish them within a reasonable amount of time. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are nonrenewable resources formed from buried organic materials over millions of years. When existing deposits are depleted, they are essentially gone forever.
1. Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions maintained as organisms grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce is referred to as_____?
homeostasis
4. What abiotic factors are discussed in this chapter?
soil, water, air
1. The scientific study of human populations is called ___________.
demography
1. What is the total area of functioning land and water ecosystems needed both to provide the resources an individual or population uses and to absorb and make harmless the wastes produced?
ecological footprint
2. Where does the light reaction take place?
Thylakoid
2. What organelle makes proteins? What organelle then modifies, sorts, and packages them?
ribosomes, Golgi apparatus
3. If a pollutant is taken into an organism, not broken down, eaten by the next trophic level, and this cycle is repeated, what has occurred?
biological magnification
2. Draw the compound (answer to #1).
2. What are two ways in which cells are specialized?
some are specialized for movement, others react to environment
4. What does exponential growth look like on a graph?
J shaped graph
2. What is an ecological hotspot?
significant number of species in danger of extinction
3. What cells are larger cells, have membrane bound nuclei, have organelles, and are usually either highly specialized, single-celled organisms or are part of a multicellular organism?
euakryotes
4. Describe one type of bulk transfer across a cell membrane.
Endocytosis: (engulfed by cell)
1. When dealing with ecological populations, a limiting factors controls population _________
growth
3. What are organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms?
heterotrophs
3. List the levels of organization within multicellular living things.
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
4. What do age structure diagrams help us to see?
age-structure diagrams allow scientists to determine if the number of individuals likely to have children will increase or decrease in the future
4. Define the word niche.
The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors
3. Tonicity refers to the strength of the solute in a solution compared with the strength of solute in solution on the other side of a membrane. What would a hypotonic solution be?
Lower solute concentration from the cell
4. What are the two components of the cytoskeleton and what is their function?
micro-filaments: movement micro-tubules: shape and cell division
4. How might cells communicate with one another?
Cellular chemical signals and receptors
4. What are organisms that obtain food by making their own?
autotrophs
3.What are 3 threats to biodiversity?
altered habitats, hunting, introduced species, pollution
3. Explain the difference between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.
Density-dependent limiting factors operate strongly only when population density—the number of organisms per unit area—reaches a certain level Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size and density.
1. Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion are all passive transport. Why are they passive transport?
do not require ATP
2. Explain what a renewable resource is and give an example.
A renewable resource can be produced or replaced by a healthy ecosystem. A single southern white pine is an example of a renewable resource because a new tree can grow in place of an old tree that dies or is cut down.
1. List the 3 aspects of the cell theory.
1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things 3. new cells are produced from existing cells
1. What is in the air that combines with water to form acid rain? __________&___________
nitrogen and sulfur
1. What is the organelle that releases the energy in organic molecules to molecules with a convenient energy(ATP) for cells to use?
mitochondria
1. What is one of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy?
atp
4. What are some ways to preserve biodiversity?
protect species, habitats and ecosystems
4. What are the light absorbing molecules that plant have in chloroplasts that are involved in photosynthesis?
chlorophyll
1. If there is a "natural library" of genetic biodiversity, and humans use libraries to research things, what can humans do with genetic information about species?
contributions to medicine, agriculture, goods and services
2. Explain a specific type of soil erosion.
desertification: loss of topsoil (dust bowl)
3. What kind of growth shows up as an s-shaped curve on a graph?
logistic growth
3. What 3 things of a population will help predict the rate of growth within a country?
Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure
1. The practice of clearing large areas of land to plant a single highly productive crop year after year is called_____________.
Monoculture
2. What type of cell lacks a membrane bound nucleus, doesn't have organelles(except ribosomes), and are very small.
prokaryotes (bacteria)
3. Where does the light-independent reaction take place?
Stroma
2. What molecule rotates as hydrogen moves along its concentration gradient outward into the stroma and the energy produced is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?
ATP synthase
2. List and give an example of the principles of ecological problem solving.
recognize a problem research the cause change behavior
1. What is the electron donator in the light reaction?
water
2. Octopi live in the ocean. Is a drought or is competition for food more likely to be a limiting factor.
competition for food
4. List the types of microscopes mentioned in this section and describe one of them. Are the colorful images of ESM true to life?
light microscope, transmission and scanning electron microscopes no, false color is added by a computer
2. After the Bubonic plague the human population increased slightly and then leveled off. Human populations experienced exponential growth just after the ______ _____
Industrial Revolution
2. What makes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion different from one another?
Diffusion is high to low concentration, osmosis is diffusion with water, facilitated diffusion happen with larger molecules pass through protein channels
4. What provides for human needs while preserving the ecosystems that produce natural resources?
sustainable development
3. Where are the organelles from #2 made?
Section 3
(50 cards)
1. A scientist discovered that in all humans there are equal percentages of A and T as well as G and C in the molecule of DNA. This is referred to a _______________ rule.
Chargaff's rules
1. What is the unit of measures that takes in to consideration the energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius?
calorie
1. What is the scientific study of heredity called?
genetics
4. Explain DNA's role in the cell.
carry genetic material
2. Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
1. What are the problems a cell faces as it grows larger?
More demands on DNA, obtaining food, expelling wastes.
1. Where are regulatory proteins located?
Both inside and outside of cell
2. What is the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent type of reproduction called?
Asexual reproduction
2. What is the name of the molecule that is responsible for joining individual nucleotides to produce new strands of DNA? ___________
DNA polymerase
3. How many gametes are produced in meiosis?
4
3. What is the term for a virus that infects bacteria____________?
bacteriophage
3. When DNA is replicated, each new strand is composed of one ______ and one ______ strand.
new, old
1. Write the general equation for photosynthesis and cell respiration.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
2. Draw the phases of the cell cycle. (not mitosis only but the entire cell cycle)
3. What is the process of programmed cell death called?
apoptosis
2. If chicken DNA has cytosine at 21.5% the guanine should be_____%.
21.5
3. What are the electron carriers of cell respiration?
NAD+
1. Where does the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) take place?
mitochondria
1. Cases where one allele is not completely dominant over another but there is blending is called __________ ____________.
incomplete dominance
4. Explain the Principle of Independent Assortment.
The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
4. Which reaction takes in NADPH2 , ATP, CO2, and gives off sugars?
Calvin cycle
4. What organisms do photosynthesis? Cell respiration?
plants, animals
1. The term used to describe when the harmless form of bacteria has be changed into another disease-causing form is___________?
transformation
2. What is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen?
cellular respiration
4. What are the 4 phases of mitosis in the order in which they occur?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT)
1. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
Only during cell division
3. A specific characteristic such as seed color is called a__________?
phenotype
3. What are pathways of respiration that require and does not require oxygen, respectively?
cellular respiration, fermentation
1. What is found both in RNA and DNA?
Phosphate group, guanine and cytosine
3. In what order did the discoveries occur? : Franklin's X-rays, Watson & Cricks double helix, Chargaff's ratio of nucleotide %
(1)Chargaff's ratio of nucleotide %, (2)Franklin's X-rays, (3)Watson & Cricks double helix
2. List the 8 stages of meiosis in order.
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, (PMAT x 2)
3. Where does cellular respiration take place?
mitochodrion
4. Draw and label the mitochondrion
1. What does heterozygous mean?
The genetics term heterozygous refers to a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive — they're different
2 Where does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplasts
2. What are stem cells?
an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.
2. What did Griffith and Avery's experiments with transformation show?
1928, British scientist, tried to figure out how bacteria made people sick. Wanted to learn how certain types of bacteria produce serious lung disease known as pneumonia. He isolated two slightly different strains, or types, of pneumonia bacteria from mice. Only one caused pneumonia. The disease causing strain grew into smooth colonies on culture plates where the harmless strain produced colonies with rough edges. The differences in appearance made the two strains easy to distinguish.
1. Define differentiation.
The process by which cells or parts of an organism change during development to serve a specific function.
1. What are the two main types of fermentation?
Alcoholic and lactic acid
3. What type of reproduction involves the fusion of two separate parent cells?
Sexual reproduction
3. Why does even a well-conditioned athlete have to pace themselves for athletic events that last several hours?
Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation
1. During synapsis, when duplicated, homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids) are attached and exchange alleles, what is happening? _________ __________
Crossing over
3. The A,B,O blood type in humans, where there are 3 possibilities for the available 2 alleles of a gene, is what type of inheritance pattern?
multiple alleles
4. What is the cause of cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division
3. A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate, what will the F2 generation look like?
The offspring will be tall or short
4. Draw and label the DNA molecule.
2. What is the name of the regulatory protein that stimulates the growth and division of cells?
Growth factors
4. Traits that are controlled by 2 or more genes exhibit what kind of inheritance pattern?
multiple genes
2. What is the situation where phenotypes produced by both alleles for a gene are expressed?
codominance
4. What does the ratio of surface area to volume have to do with cell growth and division?
cell need a large surface area to volume ratio (it is good to be small)
Section 4
(50 cards)
1. Was the knowledge about the structure of DNA a factor in Darwin's Theory of Evolution?
no
1. Why is inserting plasmids into yeast more complex than inserting it into bacteria?
Yeasts are eukaryotes
3. The process in which segments of DNA are used to produce mRNA is called___________?
transcription
2. Five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium are.....
no immigration or emigration
4. When a farmer breeds only the best plant or animal on the farm, this is the process of _________ __________.
artificial selection.
4. Draw a bell-shaped curve. Now draw in the stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection curves using a different color for each (name and line).
1. The central dogma of biology: _________to________to_______
DNA to RNA to proteins
3. What is a nondisjunction?
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate
4. Long chains of ______ ______ make up protein molecules.
amino acids
2. The ______ _______ consists of all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene present in a population.
gene pool
4. Explain the principle of common descent.
In evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share common descent if they have a common ancestor.
4. What was the Human Genome Project?
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome
1. Which of the following include the other 3? Hybridization, inbreeding, selective breeding, induced mutations
mutations selective breeding
3. Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and how did he influence Darwin?
Who is James Hutton and how did he influence Darwin?
2. Fitness is how well an organism can survive and ________ in its environment.
reproduce
1. Who is James Hutton and how did he influence Darwin?
Charles Lyell was one of the most influential Geologists in history. His theory of Uniformitarianism was a great influence on Charles Darwin. Lyell theorized that geologic processes that were around at the beginning of time were the same ones that were happening in the current time as well and they worked the same way.
3. What is an allele frequency?
the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene
2. Why might scientist place a genetically engineered virus, for normal human hemoglobin production, into a human's bone marrow?
To treat a genetic disease
3. Where does translation take place?
In the cytoplasm
2. Who is Charles Lyell and how did he influence Darwin?
James Hutton was another very famous Geologist that influenced Charles Darwin. In fact, many of Charles Lyell's ideas were actually first put forth by James Hutton. Hutton was the first to publish the idea that the same processes that formed the Earth at the very beginning were the same that were happening in the present day. These "ancient" processes changed the Earth, but the mechanism never changed.
1. The situation in which allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population remain constant is called?
Genetic equilibrium
3. A group of genes that are regulated together is called an ________.
operon
4. What is the joining of 2 or more sources of DNA into new DNA called?
Recombinant DNA
1. The frequency for phenotypes for a typical polygenic trait is most often illustrated as a ______ ________ curve.
bell-shaped
3. What is DNA fingerprinting?
DNA fingerprinting is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic information-called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-in a person's cells.
4. Is polyploidy good in plant? Animals? Give examples of both.
yes, bananas, triploid trout
1. Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an ____________.
adaptation
3. According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the possession of inherited adaptations that maximize __________.
fitness
3. What percent of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome?
50%
1. Hox genes determine an animals _____ ____.
body plan
2. What is Biogeography?
the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals.
2. Where does replication and transcription take place?
In the nucleus
1. What is a good argument against GM crops?
Patents held by big companies could increase prices
4. Are mutations good or bad?
both
3. What is genetic drift?
random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
1. GM crops produce _______ food per plant than unmodified crops in the ________ amount of acreage.(less/more, different/same)
more, same
1. The process of change over time is termed ________________.
evolution
4. What does the formation of a Barr body inactivate?
One whole X in a female cell
3. Which piece of DNA would move fastest in gel electrophoresis, a piece that is 100 or 5000 base pairs long?
100 pairs long
4. What are transcription factors?
a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences
3. Why are the Galapagos Islands important in the study of evolution?
These islands are close to one another, yet they have different ecological conditions.
1. What are heritable changes in genetic information called?
mutations
3. Compare and contrast the terms; homologous structure, analogous structure
Homologous structures are those which may have same or different functions, but have same origin(evolutionary origin, i.e. shared ancestry) and structure. In contrast analogous structures are structures having different origin and structure but usually have same functions.
1. Describe a disorder caused by an individual gene.
(sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, etc)
3. What are the main steps of the polymerase chain reaction?
Denature DNA. The DNA is heated to 95° C. ... Primer Annealing. The mixture is cooled to anywhere from 45-72° C. ... Extension. The reaction is then heated to 72° C, the optimal temperature for DNA polymerase to act. ... Go to Step 1.
2. What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?
To produce human proteins in large amounts
2. Aboard the Beagle in 1831, Charles Darwin made many observations and noticed 3 distinctive patterns of biological diversity. What were they?
Darwin noticed that different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar, habitats around the globe. Darwin noticed that different, yet related, animal species often occupied different habitats within a local area. Darwin noticed that some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species.
2. What does mRNA do?, tRNA do?, rRNA do?
mRNA: takes the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell
1. What can be used to cut DNA so that it can be studied? 2. How does gel electrophoresis work?
Restriction enzymes
4. What are structures that are inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressures acting on the descendant?
vestigial organs
Section 5
(14 cards)