Section 1
Preview this deck
osmosis
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (342)
Section 1
(50 cards)
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
nucleoplasm
protein-rich protoplasm
peroxisome
detoxifies poisons and protects cell from H2O2
Rough ER
where ribosomes are found
active transport
plasma membrane moves molecules against concentration gradient
cytoplasm
where cell activity takes place
cristae
foldings of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
centrioles
cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules that function in cell division
passive transport
molecule moves through a protein
Robert Hooke
coined the term cell
diffusion
gradual spreading out of molecules from a high to low concentration
cell membrane
selectively permeable
Smooth ER
synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detox take place
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
discovered blood and sperm cells
1665
when "cell" was coined
hydrolytic and digestive
type(s) of enzyme that lysosomes are
active transport
transport where energy is needed
golgi apparatus
in charge of processing, packaging and distributing
lysosomes
digestive vesicles formed in golgi apparatus
nucleolus
in charge of the formation of ribosomes
cilia and flagella
examples of microtubules
diffusion
transport wherein there is free movement across the phospholipid bilayer
diffusion and passive transport
no energy needed and concentration is from high to low
cell wall
two layers of the cell composed of cellulose
centrosomes
where centrioles are found
microfilaments
protein filaments involved in producing intracellular movement
equilibrium
equal concentration
phagocyte
virus/bacteria used to protect cells
pump
term used for proteins used in active transport
Matthias Schleiden
discovered plant cells
centrosomes
microtubule-organizing center
ribosomes
in charge of protein synthesis
leucoplast
starch molecules in plants
microtubules
protein that supports cell
Theodor Schwann
discovered animal cells
Schwann and Schleiden 1839
claimed that cells are the basic unit of life
active transport
low to high concentration
vacuole
storage in plant cells
schleiden and virchow
"all cells come from pre-existing cells"
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
"animacules"
phospholipid bilayer
what the cell membrane is made of
nuclear membrane
envelopes nuclear material
chromatin
genetic material when cell is not dividing
lysosomes
enzymes that break down food particles through phagocytosis
chromosomes
condensed chromatin during cell division
mitochondria
where cellular respiration occurs
Endoplasmic Reticulum
connected to the nuclear membrane
water diffusion
occurs when the solute molecule cannot freely diffuse
peroxisome
where oxidation reactions break down fatty and amino acids
chloroplast
used in photosynthesis
Section 2
(50 cards)
Mitosis
separation of chromosomes to form two cells
Synthesis
DNA replication during cell cycle
interphase
consumes at least 90 percent of the time of cell cycle
G2
secondary growth of cell
spindle fibers
form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell
turgid
state of plant cells when hypotonic
independent assortment
random grouping of chromosomes
prophase
chromatin condenses to chromosomes
meiosis
cell division during sexual reproduction
exocytosis
secretion occurs through the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane
cleavage furrow
formed by animal cells in cytokinesis
interphase 1
replication of chromosomes during sexual reproduction
prophase
centrosomes move to opposite poles in mitosis
G1
stage wherein cells increase in size
normal
state of animal cells when isotonic
phagocytosis
unicellular animal engulf large particles of food from their environment
cytokinesis
single cell forms two daughter cells in the last stage of mitosis
cell cycle
composed of interphase and mitosis
chiasma
where two chromosomes meet
plasmolysis
cell membrane shrinks and tears away from cell wall
hypotonic
more water inside the cell
telophase
chromosomes decondense to chromatids
centromere
middle of the chromosome
telophase
nuclear membrane reappers
metaphase
chromosomes migrate and align at the middle
endocytosis
cell membrane folds inward to take in large particles
prophase 1
homologous chromosomes are paired
anaphase
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles in mitosis
flaccid
state of plant cells when isotonic
shrink
what happens to animal cells when hypertonic
interphase
preparatory stage in cell cycle
metaphase plate
where chromosomes align during metaphse
mitotic spindle
structure composed of microtubules which segregates chromosomes into the daughter cells during mitosis
meiosis 1
reduction stage in meiosis
kinetochore
complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division
crossing over
exchange of genetic material between two non-sister chromatids
metaphase
spindle fibers from centrosome attach to the centromeres via kinetochore
G0
stage wherein cell cycle is postponed
anaphase
excess fibers elongate the cell
pinocytosis
vesicles take in liquids or macromolecules
cell plate formation
how plant cells divide in cytokinesis
burst
state of animal cells when hypotonic
Prophase
when nuclear membrane disintegrates in mitosis
hypertonic
more water outside the cell
chromosomes
composed of two chromatids
gametogenesis
another term for meiosis
prophase
formation of the mitotic spindle
tetrad
formed by two chromosomes in prophase 1
plasmolysis
what happens to plants when hypertonic
isotonic
equal concentration of water in and out of the cell
Section 3
(50 cards)
anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate
Law of Independent Assortment
Fourth Hypothesis of Mendel
Third Hypothesis
"alleles are segregated into different gametes"
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes separate through fibers
genotype
genetic make up
Second Hypothesis
"one allele may mask the other"
cytokinesis 1
2 new non-identical cells with half the chromosome number
dna
double helix
allele
a factor in a gene
budding
growth of a small reproductive fragment from parent
fission
splitting into two
monosomy
one copy of chromosome
C, H, N, O, P
elements in a gene
phenotype
physical appearance of the gene
metaphase 1
when spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and tetrads align at the center
anaphase 1
where egg cells are halted
Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness
Second Hypothesis of Mendel
multiple alleles
3 or more phenotypes are seen
nucleotide
repeating unit in nucleic acid
gene
consists of two factors
Law of Segregation
Third Hypothesis of Mendel
genes
composed of nucleic acids
non-disjunction
failure of chromosomes/chromatids to properly separate
multiple alleles
more than 2 alleles control the trait
chromosomes
genetic material packaged with proteins
meiosis 2
triggered during fertilization
spore production
spores are released to form new organisms
codominance
both alleles are seen
Fourth Hypothesis
"each allele pair segregates independently of other allele pairs"
trisomy
three copies of chromosome
genotype
alleles possessed by an individual for a gene
prophase 2
disappearance of nuclear membrane during meiosis
heterozygous
different alleles for a gene
First Hypothesis
"inherited characteristics are controlled by factors that occur in pairs"
alleles
different versions of a gene resulting in contrasting effect on a characteristic
gene
segment of DNA that contains the info to make one protein
seminiferous tubules
where sperm cells are made
oogenesis
meiosis in women
telophase 1
formation of 2 haploids and the reformation of nuclei in meiosis
homozygous
has identical alleles for a gene
telophase 2
4 haploid non-identical cells are formed
ovulation
when meiosis 1 is completed in oogenesis
prophase 1
where crossing over occurs
nucleotide
composed of a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group
monohybrid cross
genetic cross with a single pair of genes
Asexual reproduction
requires only one parent
Incomplete Dominance
the phenotype of the heterozygote is a 3rd trait that is distinct and different from the phenotypes of the homozygotes for the two alleles
metaphase 2
individual chromosomes line up at the center during meiosis
dihybrid cross
parents differ in two genes or traits
monohybrid cross
cross where parents differ by a single trait
Section 4
(50 cards)
second
stage wherein new dna strand is formed by pairing the bases in the nucleotides of the original strand with those in the new strand
point mutation
one or few bases in codon are changed
inversion
part of the base sequence is inverted
translocation
fragment reattaches to nonhomologous chromosome or 2 different chromosomes exchanges parts
disaccharide
two units of monosaccharides
chromosomal abnormalities
results from non-disjunction
glucose, fructose, galactose
monosaccharides
cellulose and chitin
examples of polysaccharides
structural alteration
occurs when there is a break in chromosome
polypeptide
formed when tRNA pairs with a codon
translation
second stage of protein synthesis
polysaccharide
starch; chain of glucose
messenger rna
transmits genetic message from dna to ribosomes
UAA, UAG, UGA
stop codons
third
stage wherein copied portion reforms into double helix
transfer rna
main translator in protein synthesis
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
bases of rna
chromosomal abnormalities
results to multisystematic abnormalities
codon
sequence of 3 adjacent bases that designates a specific amino acid or stop signal
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
bases of dna
tRNA
completes the task of translation
cri-du-chat
example of deletion
carbohydrates
composed of C,H,O
mRNA
product of transcription that is coded information
fourth
stage wherein two new dna double helices are each composed of an original strand and a newly-synthesized one
tRNA
read mRNA 3 bases at a time
AUG
start codon
transcription
copy of the gene is made during protein synthesis
first
stage wherein portion of double helix unwinds
carbohydrates
main source of energy for cell metabolism
end of protein synthesis
when one of three termination codons is encountered
transfer rna
carries a sequence of bases on one end and a corresponding amino acid on the other
genetic code
matches a codon to corresponding amino accid
duplication
fragment broken off reattaches to homologue
sucrose
glucose and fructose
ribosomal rna
folds into the subunits of ribosomes
mRNA
carries the sequence complimentary to the DNA strand transcribed
deoxyribose
sugar attached in dna
monosaccharide
CH2O
cytoplasm
where dna replication occurs in prokaryotes
lactose
glucose and galactose
reading of dna
start of protein synthesis
deletion
chromosome lacks certain genes
guanine
partner of cytosine
third
stage wherein next portion unwinds in protein synthesis
adenine
partner of thymine
Glycosidic bond
bond that holds monosaccharides together
nucleus
where dna replication occurs in eukaryotes
translation
sequence of bases in mRNA is read and interpreted into a sequence of amino acids
rna
genetic material of retroviruses
Section 5
(50 cards)
preparatory stage
2 pyruvate + 2CoA --> 2 acetyl CoA + 2CO2
energy-investment phase
when 2ATP are used to split Glucose into 2 G3P molecules
anabolism
synthesis of molecules
grana of chloroplast
where the light dependent reaction takes place
Pasteur 1859
experiment where broth was boiled in flasks letting it draw cool air
4C molecules
succinyl CoA, succinate, fumerate, malate, oxoloacetate
proteins
biomolecule folded into unique 3D shapes
CO2 fixation
RuBP is fixed with CO2 by RuBisCo to form a 6C molecule
anaerobic respiration
has a total gain of 2ATP
Photosystem 1
where e- is re-energized after ETC
proteins
chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Lipids
contain more oxygen than carbon and hydrogen
proteins
composed of C,H,N,O
CO2 reduction
6 ATP and 6 NADPH are used to reorganize molecules in a 3C molecule
Alpha-ketaglutarate
5C molecule in Krebs cycle
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to lactate
fats
made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon with acidic end)
nucleic acids
composed of C,H,N,O,P
Spontaneous Generation
"living things originated from inanimate objects"
proteins
most diverse biomolecule
3PG, BPG, G3P
3C molecules in Calvin cycle (in order of organization)
catabolism
break down of molecules
chemiosmosis
process wherein ADP is converted to ATP
RuBP regeneration
remaining 5 G3P are regenerated by 3ATP in order to form RuBP
cellulose
most abundant organic molecule
photons
causes electrons to get excited in Photosystem 2
Hydrogen
element pumped into intermembrane as e- passes thru ETC
NADP reductase
where NADPH is produced
fats
used to story energy
unsaturated fat
fats with one or more C double bonds
Glycolysis
conversion of glucose to pyruvate molecules
energy-harvesting phase
G3P molecules are converted to pyruvate
Theory of Special Creation
"bodies were made to meet the needs of the environment"
citrate and isocitrate
6C molecules in Krebs cycle
3 CO2, 4NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
output in Krebs cycle
2 and 4
amount of NADH and ATP produced in glycolysis
Redi 1968
experiment showed that flies only laid eggs on decaying meat
36 ATP
total output in ETC in Cellular respiration
Aristotle, Epicurus and Von Helmot
supported Theory of Spontaneous Generation
stroma
where light independent reaction occurs
phospholipids
main component of cell membrane
nucleic acids
carry and interpret genetic information
phospholipids
cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
saturated fat
fats with all C single bonds
ATP synthase
where Hydrogen is pumped in and out of in order for ATP to be produced
Theory of Special Creation
"all animals were created at once"
RuBP regeneration
1 of 6 G3P molecules exits the cycle
alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to alcohol and CO2
ETC
connects Photosystems 1 and 2
2
amount of G3P needed to make glucose
Section 6
(50 cards)
Prokaryote
cell type of Monera
Eukaryote
cell type of fungi
Interplanetary Panspermia
another term for ballistic panspermia
Miller-Urey experiment
proved that O2 was absent in the atmosphere (Theory of Biochemical Evolution)
Lithopanspermia
basic life forms can be distributed throughout the solar system via rock fragments cast forth by meteoroid impacts
Lamarck
created theory on Inheritance and Acquired characteristics
eukaryote
cell type of Protista
autotrophs
aka producers
Theory of Biogenesis
"life comes from pre-existing life"
competition
when organisms in the same environment need the same resources
Theory of Biochemical Evolution
Life evolved in the oceans when atmosphere conained H2, H2O, NH3, CH4, CO2
Ballistic Panspermia
impact-expelled rocks from a planet's surface serve as transfer vehicles for spreading biological material from one planet to another within the same solar system
Theory of Biochemical Evolution
- Abiotic synthesis of organic molecule like amino acids and nucleotides - joining of monomers: proteins and nucleic acid - self-replication - cells form membranes: protobiont's "coacervantes"
eukaryote
cell type of Plantae
Protozoa
animal-like protista
Monera and Protista
kingdom(s) with some photosynthetic organisms
directed panspermia
theory that organisms were deliberately transmitted to the earth by intelligent beings on another planet
interstellar panspermia
another term of lithopanspermia
Hoyle and Wickramasinghe 2001
"interstellar dust contains organic compounds and comets might have contained and transported bacterial life"
parasitism
parasites do not kill hosts but obtain needs from them
Plantae
examples are brown, red and greed algae and moss
Amoeba
protista with pseudopod
Theory of Panspermia
proposed by Richter in 1865
commensalism
one benefits but nothing happens to the other
Fungi
examples are yeasts, molds, mushrooms
Abiogenesis
another term for Spontaneous Generation
Inheritance and Acquired Characteristics
parts needed developed while those not needed deteriorated
predation
predator captures a smaller prey
abiotic
non-living/physical factors
Protista
examples are amoeba, paramecium, euglena, golden-brown algae
heterotrophs
rely on others for food
Spallanzani
experiment where broth was boiled in tubes
Animalia
examples are vertebrates and invertebrates
Protista and Animalia
kingdom(s) with no cell wall
Fungi and Animalia
kingdom(s) with no photosynthetic organisms
Charles Darwin
developed Natural Selection
Theory of Biochemical Evolution
suggested by Stanley Miller
mutualism
both benefit from relationship
Monera, Fungi and Plantae
kingdom(s) with cell wall
autotrophs
produce their own food
Algae
plant-like protista
Theory of Panspermia
"life came from other planets"
biotic
all living organisms
Plantae
kingdom whose species all photosynthesize
heterotrophs
aka consumers
Natural Selection
"survival of the fittest"
Monera
bacteria and cyano-bacteria are examples come from the kingdom of
decomposers
recycle nutrients from waste and dead
niche
an organism's role
Natural Selection
struggle increases as populations increase and resources remain limited
Section 7
(50 cards)
Nastic movement
opposite of tropism
bryophytes
mostly mosses without roots, leaves or stems and use spores
seed plants
do not reproduce through spores
millipedes
2 pairs of legs per segment
Class Arachnida
8 legs, spiders, ticks
Angiosperms
flowering plants
Monocot
petals and sepals are in 3's
Monocot
fibrous roots
algae
aquatic and reproduce by spores
Dicot
petals and sepals are in 4's or 5's
Phylum Nematoda
round worms, ascaris
cold-blooded vertebrates
poikilothermic/ectothermic
Class Insecta
organisms with 6 legs
Phylum Porifera
sponges
cold-blood vertebrates
Class Chondrichthyes, Class Osteichthyes, Class Amphibia, Class Reptilia
anther and filament
parts of stamen
Gymnosperms
conifers or cone-bearing plants
thigmotropism
tropism towards touch
Phylum Annelida
segmented worms, leech, earth worm
Class Chilopoda
centipedes
pteridophytes and seed plants
vascular plants
Euglena
protista with flagellum
stamen
male part of flower
geotropism
tropism towards the earth or gravity1
Dicot
2 cotyledons
Dicot
taproot
Class Diplopoda
millipedes
pteridophytes
flowerless and seedless ferns with not roots, stems and fronds, use spores
stigma, style, ovary, ovule
parts of pistil
algae and bryophytes
non-vascular plants
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
types of seed plants
Monocot
scattered vascular system with phloem and xylem paired in the middle
phototropism
tropism towards light
Paramecium
protista with cilia
Monocot
parallel veins in leaves
tropism
slow, permanent and directional movement
Phylum Anthropoda
jointed legs, biggest group
Class Crustacea
10 or more legs, crab, lobster, shrimp
Monocot
1 cotyledon
Phylum Mollusca
snail, squid, clam
pistil
female part of flower
Dicot
vascular system in rings with phloem ring before xylem and pith in the middle
Phylum Cnidaria
corals, jellyfish, sea anemone
Phylum Echinodermata
starfish, sea urchin
non-vascular
plants with no phloem or xylem
Class Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish, sharks and rays
Monocot
examples are rice, coconut, grass, corn, orchids, pineapple
Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms, liver fluke, planaria
centipedes
one pair of legs per segment
Dicot
examples are rose, gumamela and mango
Section 8
(50 cards)
Class Mammalia
have hair and mammary glands
Passer Montanus
scientific name of Maya
Jasmium Sambae
scientific name of Sampaguita
dendrites
receive impulses
Babalus mindorensis
scientific name of Tamaraw
Macaca fascicularis
scientific name of Philippine Macaque
warm-blooded vertebrates
Class Aves and Class Mammalia
Pterocarpus indicus
scientific name of Narra
Plankton
examples are algae, bacteria, sea urchin, starfish, crustacea larvae
pituitary gland
major endocrine gland
Class Reptilia
have scales, lung-breathing
medulla oblongata
respiratory rate
pituitary gland
has hormones oxytocin, prolactin and growth
prolactin
mammary gland growth and secretion
thyroid
gland with thyroid hormones
Benthos
examples are starfish, corals and crabs
Musa Squamosa
scientific name of banana
oxytocin
milk ejections, contractions of uterus
small intestine
contains pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and bile
large intestine
absorption of water
warm-blooded vertebrates
homeothermic/endothermic
Plankton
organisms that float or drift on water surface
tendons
bind muscle to bone
thyroid hormones
metabolism
stomach
mechanical and chemical digestion with gastric juice
neuron
nerve cell
Pithecophaga jefferyi
scientific name of Philippine Eagle
Nekton
organisms that swim
Class Amphibia
have moist skin and lung-breathing adults
ptyalin
enzyme in saliva
axon
carries away impulses
Chanos Chanos
scientific name of Bangus
cerebrum
conscious thinking and intelligence
Class Osteichthyes
bony fish
Musa Textilis
scientific name of Abaca
Ocean life forms
Benthos, nekton and plankton
cerebellum
balance
mouth
mechanical digestion by teeth
Oryza sativa
scientific name of rice
Class Aves
birds
Mangifera Indica
scientific name of mangoes
brain stem
contains pons and medulla oblongata
Benthos
organisms on the seabed
pancreas
gland with insulin and glucagon
pineal gland
endocrine gland
esophagus
carries food to stomach
hypothalamus
emotions
ligaments
bind bone to bone
small intestine
chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients
Bubalus Bubalis
scientific name of carabao
Section 9
(6 cards)