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AP BIOLOGY: Anatomy and Physiology

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Section 1

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macrophages

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1 / 48

Anatomy Science

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (48)

Section 1

(48 cards)

macrophages

Front

a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.`

Back

stem cells

Front

an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.

Back

thrombocytes

Front

A platelet. Crucial to normal blood clotting

Back

erythrocytes

Front

commonly known as a red blood cell, pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body's tissues, and to pick up some (about 24 percent) carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation.

Back

nephron

Front

each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine.

Back

microvilli

Front

he millions of tiny, hair-fine, finger-like protrusions on the surface cells of EPITHELIUM which greatly increase the effective surface area so as to facilitate absorption.

Back

esophagus

Front

a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. (UES) is a bundle of muscles at the top. The muscles of the UES are under conscious control, used when breathing, eating, belching, and vomiting. They keep food and secretions from going down the windpipe. (LES) is a bundle of muscles at the low end where it meets the stomach. When the LES is closed, it prevents acid and stomach contents from traveling backwards from the stomach. The LES muscles are not under voluntary control.

Back

artery

Front

the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: The largest is the aorta, the main high-pressure pipeline connected to the heart's left ventricle. The aorta branches into a network that extend throughout the body. The smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs under low pressure.

Back

duodenum

Front

first and shortest segment of the small intestine. It receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from the stomach and plays a vital role in the chemical digestion of chyme in preparation for absorption in the small intestine. Many chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion.

Back

kidney

Front

remove wastes, control the body's fluid balance, and keep the right levels of electrolytes. All of the blood in your body passes through them several times a day.

Back

collecting duct

Front

consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis, electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the ADH

Back

bile

Front

Fluid made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps break down fats and get rid of wastes in the body.

Back

B cells

Front

type of white blood cell and, specifically, a type of lymphocyte. mature plasma cells that produce antibodies (proteins) necessary to fight off infections while others mature into memory B cells.

Back

lymphatic system

Front

a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.

Back

small intestine

Front

a long, narrow, folded or coiled tube extending from the stomach to the large intestine; it is the region where most digestion and absorption of food takes place.

Back

interneuron

Front

a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc.

Back

interleukin

Front

any of a class of glycoproteins produced by leukocytes for regulating immune responses.

Back

fallopian tube

Front

transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus (the womb)

Back

pancreas

Front

a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Back

purkinje fibers

Front

One of the specialized cardiac muscle fibers, part of the impulse-conducting network of the heart, that rapidly transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

Back

ureter

Front

The urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder in two thin tubes

Back

antibodies

Front

a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Back

trachea

Front

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Back

AV node

Front

controls heart rate, serves as an electrical relay station, slowing the electrical current sent by the SA node before the signal is permitted to pass down through to the ventricles. This delay ensures that the atria have an opportunity to fully contract before the ventricles are stimulated.

Back

pepsin

Front

the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

Back

urea

Front

a colorless crystalline compound that is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine.

Back

Islets of Langerhaans

Front

scattered throughout the pancreas are clusters of endocrine cells each having alpha cells which make glucagon and beta cells with make insulin

Back

histamine

Front

part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.

Back

helper T-cell

Front

A type of T cell that provides help to other cells in the immune response by recognizing foreign antigens and secreting substances called cytokines that activate T and B cells. fall into two main classes: those that activate other T cells to achieve cellular inflammatory responses; and those that drive B cells to produce antibodies in the humoral immune response.

Back

septum

Front

a partition separating two chambers, such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of the heart.

Back

sarcomere

Front

a structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band.

Back

ADH

Front

a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. It constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. Higher water concentration increases the volume and pressure of your blood. Osmotic sensors and baroreceptors work with it to maintain water metabolism.

Back

myosin

Front

two important roles: a structural one, as the building block for the thick filaments, and a functional one, as the catalyst of the breakdown of ATP during contraction and in its interaction with actin as part of the force generator of muscle.

Back

glomerulus

Front

In the kidney, a tiny ball-shaped structure composed of capillary blood vessels actively involved in the filtration of the blood to form urine.

Back

uric acid

Front

a chemical created when the body breaks down substances called purines. Purines are normally produced in the body and are also found in some foods and drinks. Foods with high content of purines include liver, anchovies, mackerel, dried beans and peas, and beer.

Back

gall bladder

Front

positioned under your liver in the upper-right section of your abdomen. stores bile, a combination of fluids, fat, and cholesterol. Bile helps break down fat from food in your intestine. It delivers bile into the small intestine. This allows fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients to be more easily absorbed into the bloodstream.

Back

killer t cells

Front

a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.

Back

hypothalamus

Front

a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

Back

loop of henle

Front

appears to be the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine. This function allows production of urine that is far more concentrated than blood, limiting the amount of water needed as intake for survival.

Back

fiber

Front

undigestible carbs derived from plants

Back

liver

Front

an essential organ that has many functions in the body, including making proteins and blood clotting factors, manufacturing triglycerides and cholesterol, glycogen synthesis, and bile production.

Back

thyroid

Front

one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. These include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these activities are your body's metabolism.

Back

bronchi

Front

the main passageway into the lungs, tracheacarries the air to the left and right sides of this

Back

diaphragm

Front

the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process, serves as an important anatomical landmark that separates the thorax, or chest, from the abdomen

Back

plasma

Front

the colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended.

Back

large intestine

Front

The long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. has four parts: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Partly digested food moves through the cecum into the colon, where water and some nutrients and electrolytes are removed.

Back

Bundle of His

Front

formed of a group of heart muscle cells, transmits the electrical impulses generated at paced intervals by the atrioventricular node (AVN), to the right and left ventricles.

Back

Alveoli

Front

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes) in the lungs. where the lungs and the bloodstream exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen. Carbon dioxide in the blood passes into the lungs through this. Oxygen in the lungs passes through this into the blood.

Back