Section 1
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discuss the importance of energy and matter to living systems
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Mar 1, 2020
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Section 1
(50 cards)
discuss the importance of energy and matter to living systems
free energy and matter are required by all livingthings in order to grow, reproduce, and maintain biological processes. Additionally, free energy and matter must also be recycled through the environment in order to remove dead material and allow for new growth
number of electron shells
dependent on the number of electrons first shell - 2 electrons second shell - 8 electrons third shell - 8 electrons no more than 7 shells
hydrogen bond
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
metabolism
all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
molecule
a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
structure of an atom
nucleus made up of protons and neutrons; the electrons make up the surrounding area
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic weight
average of the mass numbers of all isotopes
chemical reaction
the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
number of neutrons
mass number - atomic number = number of neutrons
electronegativity
a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
electron shells
also referred to energy levels and quantum numbers ; the more energy an electron has it will move up to the next electron shell
catabolism
metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
atomic structure
electron on outer shell, neutron and proton in center, nuclei (know how to draw this and electron dot formula)
chemical bonds
the attractive forces that hold atoms together
ionic bond
formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another (gaining or losing electrons)
solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
catalysts
chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
atom
the basic unit of a chemical element.
universal solvent
water - due to its polarity and ability to dissolve many different solutes
anabolism
constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
polar molecules
molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges ; unequal sharing of electrons
element
a pure substance made of only one kind of atom ; a chemical element is a species of atom having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei
intermolecular bonds
bonds between molecules
number of electrons
number of protons = number of electrons
how do organisms acquire CHOPNS
plants get it through photosynthesis and people get it through eating plants / food
molecular structure
the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule
isotope
a change in neutrons in an element turns it into an isotope of the same element
acid
molecule that contributes H to a solution
hydrophobic interactions
a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water ; the hydrophobic effect is the observed tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in an aqueous solution and exclude water molecules ; mixing of fat and water is a good example of this particular interaction
van der waals interactions
forces are driven by induced electrical interactions between two or more atoms or molecules that are very close to each other ; the weakest of all intermolecular attractions between molecules ; temporary
aqueous solution
a solution in which water is the solvent
ion
an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
chemical symbol
a one or two letter representation of an element
products
the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
intramolecular bonds
bonds within molecules
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
nuclear reactions
a reaction that involves splitting the nucleus of an atom or fusing two nuclei; these reactions produce much more energy then chemical reactions
solute
a substance that is dissolved in a solution.
covalent bonds
bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.
solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
reactants
elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
nonpolar molecules
molecule with both sides either negative or positive, don't dissolve in water, lipids ; nonpolar dissolve in nonpolar
polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
temperature moderation
a property of water that allows water to heat up and cool down slower because the hydrogen bonds have to break or form
which elements are most common to living organisms
CHOPNS - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur
reversible reaction
can go in either direction under different circumstances
compound
a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
molecular formula
number and types of elements present in a molecule
radioisotope
unstable atom that can cause nuclear energy, undergo nucleus decay until stable, number of protons and neutrons have too much of a difference so they break off to become stable, emits gamma rays half life - time required for amount of radioisotope material to decrease by one half - they are independent of external influences used in radiation therapy, irradiated food to improve shelf life and remove pathogens
Section 2
(6 cards)