Section 1
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Saprophyte
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Last updated
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Date created
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Cards (172)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Saprophyte
An organism that feeds of dead matter.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Transduction
The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Strains
Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
Flagellate
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
Ectoplasm
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Endospore
The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers.
Endoplasm
The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Receptors
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
Pellicle
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
Steady state
A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Abiogenesis
The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.
Logistic growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
Microorganisms
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
Binomial nomenclature
Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Plasmid
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
Exponential growth
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Transformation
The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell.
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Element
A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
Sporophore
Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores.
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
Antibiotic
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
Holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.
Hypha
A filament of fungal cells.
Zygospore
A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering.
Eyespot
A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
Phase
One of the three forms--solid, liquid, or gas--which every substance is capable of attaining.
Haustorium
A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm.
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
Thallus
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Mycelium
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.
Aerial hypha
A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows.
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Sessile colony
A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.
Plankton
Tiny organisms that float in the water.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Mutualism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.
Commonesalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
Stolon
An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments.
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Zygote
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.
Extracellular digestion
Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Chemical change
A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Rhizoid hypha
A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows.
Model
An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
Phytoplankton
Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
Dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.
Physical change
A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.
Catalyst
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.
Biosynthesis
The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
Molecules
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Chromoplasts
Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis.
Intermediate filaments
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.
Unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
REspiration
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
Secretion
The release of biosynthesized substances.
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Active transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Phagocytic vacuole
A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs.
Leucoplasts
Organelles that store starches or oils.
Microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in a cell's cytoskeleton.
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Egestion
The removal of nonsoluble waste materials.
Homeostasis
Maintaining the status quo.
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.
Reproduction
Producing more cells.
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Cytolysis
The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.
Activation energy
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
Cytoplasmic streaming
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.
Pinocytic vesicle
Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules.
Digestion
The breakdown of absorbed substances.
Central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.
Absorption
The transport of dissolved substances into cells.
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.
Excretion
The removal of soluble waste materials.
Genetics
The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
Plasmolysis
Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water.
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
Middle lamella
The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.
Phospholipid
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Ions
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
Waste vacuoles
Vacuoles that contain the wast products of digestion.
Secretion vesicle
Vesicle that holds secretion products so that the can be transported to the plasma membrane and released.
Cytology
The study of cells.
Peptide bond
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
Section 4
(22 cards)