Section 1
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Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (82)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology who introduced a stage theory of cognitive-development that led to a better understanding of children's thought processes.
risk factors for down syndrome
intellectual disability, memory and speech problems, limited voabulary, and slow motor devlopment; individuals with this chromosomal disorder who live past 40 almost always have the brain abnormalities and symptoms of Alzheimer's. distinct physical features: short, stocky build, a flattened face, a protruding tongue, almond-shaped eyes, and (50% of the time) an unusual crease running across the palm of the hand.
sex sorter
preventive measure of gender selection to breed against a disease
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Socio-cultural theory useful in describing children's mental, language and social development. Emphasized social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a communities culture.
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis: psychosocial theory. Proposed five psychosocial stages build on Freud's theory, but added three adult stages.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
founder of psychoanalysis; a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind, and psychosexual which emphasizes how parent's manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.
naturalistic observation
to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
In assisted reproductive technology, the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the uterus. risk: only is the sample is normal is the fertilized ovum implanted in the women's uterus.
psychoanalytic perspective
the perspective that stresses that people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.
John Bowlby
Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver.
Theory
an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior (D.E.P)
socioeconomic status (SES)
Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation. SES is linked to timing of marriage and parenthood and to family size. lower-SES: emphasize external characteristics; commands, criticism, and physical punishments; high levels of stress sparked by economic insecurity; feel a sense of powerlessness beyond their home higher-SES: emphasize psychological traits; verbal stimulation, grant them more freedom to explore; use more warmth, explanations, and verbal praise; set higher academic and other developmental goals.
prenatal diagnostic methods
medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth
resilience
the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats in development.
chorionic villus sampling
sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities. risk: greater risk of miscarriage and small risk of limb deformities.
factors in resilience
personal characteristics, warm parental relationship, social support outside family, and community resources and opportunity.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions by having them freely talk about painful events of their childhoods.
clinical, or case study, method
brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores
Behaviorism
an approach that regards directly observable events stimuli and responses as the appropriate focus of study and views the development of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditioning.
surrogate motherhood
vitro fertilization may be used to impregnate a woman (called a surrogate) with a couple's fertilized ovum. Alternatively, sperm from a man whose partner is infertile may be used to inseminate the surrogate, who agrees to turn the baby over to the father. The child is then adopted by his partner.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
1. British biologist who wrote "On the Origin of Species" 2. Challenged the idea of special creation by proposing a revolutionary theory of biological evolution 3. Concluded that every living plant and animal takes a part in a constant "struggle for existence" in which only the "fittest" survive 4. Argued that the fittest are determined by a process of natural selection
Developmental Psychology
the scientific study of human development that seeks to understand how and why people - all kinds of people everywhere - change, and how they do not change, from conception to death.
amniocentesis
the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus. risk: small risk of miscarriage.
in vitro fertilization
The most common assisted reproduction procedure, in which a woman's eggs are mixed with sperm in culture dishes (in vitro) and then carefully inserted into a woman's uterus.
social learning theory
emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
pre operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
heritability estimates
measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors Pros: reveals that genetic factors are important in personality; provide some of the most controversial findings in the field of development science. Cons: accuracy depends on the extent to which the twin pairs studied reflect genetic and environmental variation in the population; estimates can easily be misapplied; limited usefulness
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Russian physiologist and learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through association. Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs to create a stimulus response.
Ultrasound
High-frequency sound waves are beamed at the uterus; their refelction is translated into a picture on the video screen that reveals the size, shape, and placement of the fetus. risk: when used five or more times, may increase the chances of low birth weight.
attachment theory
theory based on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
Fetoscopy
a needle-thin tube containing a viewing scope and fiber optics is inserted into the uterus to inspect the fetus for defects of the limbs an face. risk: entails some risk of miscarraige
psychosexual theory
emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development; first to stress the influence of the early parent-child relationship on development.
Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)
Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) Pre-operational stage (age 2 to about age 7) Concrete operational stage (from age 7 to 11) Formal operational stage (adolescence into adulthood)
structural observation
the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response.
genetic engineering
A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
maternal blood analysis
By the second month of pregnancy, some of the developing organism's cells enter the maternal bloodstream. An elevated level of alpha-fetoprotein may indicate kidney disease, abnormal closure of the esophagus, or neural tube defects, such as anencephaly (absence of most of the brain) and spina bifida (bulging of the spinal cord from the spinal column). Isolated cells can be examined for genetic defects.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world. Frequency of behavior can be increased followed by a reinforcer or decreased through punishment.
Nature vs. Nurture
name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior.
Id, Ego, Superego (Freud)
Id: the source of basic biological needs and desires; Ego: the conscious, rational part of the personality; Superego: conscious.
John Watson
behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat. "it's elementary my dear Watson"
Epigenetics
the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
structural interview
each particiapant is asked the same set of questions the same way.
sociocultural theory
Vygptsky's theory that focuses on how culture - the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of socail group - is transmitted to the next generation.
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
psychosocial theory
Erikson's theory that emphasizes that in each Freudian stage, individuals not only develop a unique personality but also acquire attitudes and skill that make them active, contributing members of their society.
Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Sometimes used as a supplement to ultrasound, where brain or other abnormalities are detected and MRI can provide greater diagnostic accuracy. The ultrafast technique overcomes image blurring due to fetal movements. risk: no evidence of adverse effects.
clinical interview
researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view
Section 2
(32 cards)