Section 1
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (80)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
Henry's Law
the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid
Purkinje fibers
fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract. allow for a more unified and stronger contraction in the ventricles
Albumins
Transport fatty acids and steroids, help regulate osmotic pressure of the blood.
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
located next to the AV node; provides the transfer of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles
Diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
Trachea
a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
Arteries
have thick elastic walls that stretch as they fill with blood during systole. when the ventricles finish their contraction the stretched arteries recoil keeping the blood moving smoothly. arteries are wrapped in smooth muscle that is typically innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. epinephrine is a powerful vasoconstrictor.
Sino-atrial node (SA node)
It is the hearts main pacemaker that controls the heart rhythm - 60 - 100 bpm.the SA node is auto rhythmic spreading its contractions to the surrounding cardiac muscles via electrical synapses formed by gap junctions. The pace of the essay node is faster than that of normal heartbeats but the parasympathetic vagus nerve innervates the essay nerve slowing the contractions to produce the typical resting heart rate
Platelets (thrombocytes)
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process. do not have nuclei. contain actin and myosin, mitochondria and residual pieces of the Golgi body and the endoplasmic reticulum
chloride shift
the movement of chloride ions into the red blood cells as hydrogen ions move out to maintain the electrochemical equilibrium. chloride ions flow into the plasma in exchange for bicarbonate ions which diffuse out of the plasma and back into the red blood cells.
central chemoreceptors
Receptors in the central nervous system that monitor the pH of cerebrospinal luid to help regulate ventilation rate.
closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
medulla oblongata function
regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate)
endothelial cells
The thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of all blood vessels. Only one cell thick in capillaries.
stem cell
unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
diastolic pressure
Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
granulocytes and agranulocytes
two types of leukocytes. granulocytes live for very short time, whereas agranulocytes live for a very long time. this is because granulocytes function non-specifically against all infective agents whereas most agranulocytes work against specific agents of infection
pulmonary system
Directs blood flow from the right ventricle of heart to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returns to left atrium
rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve occurs in response to what?
occurs in response to an increase in carbon dioxide pressure, hydrogen ion concentration, or temperature. in each case the rightward shift reflects hemoglobin's lowered affinity for oxygen.
Bronchioles
Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
Coagulation
blood clotting. when platelets come into contact with injured endothelium they become sticky and begin to swell releasing various chemicals.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
a hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume through the regulation of plasma volume.activated when McKenna receptors and arteries leading to the kidneys detected decrease in blood pressure. leads to increase intake in retention of water which in turn increases plasma volume.
blood plasma
The pale yellow fluid portion of whole blood that consists of water and its dissolved constituents including, sugars, lipids, metabolic waste products, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins.
oxygen dissociation curve
graph showing the relationship between oxygen and haemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen.
systemic circulation
circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
Cillia
Tiny hairlike extensions that move together in a sweeping motion Microtubules
fibrinogen
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
alveolar gas exchange
back and forth traffic of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane
Alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
pathway of systemic circulation
oxygenated blood is directed to the tissues starting with the left ventricle, then blood is pumped through the aorta period from the aorta branches many smaller arteries which then branch into smaller arterioles which branch into smaller capillaries. The blood is then collected into venules which collect into larger veins and then into the superior and inferior venae cavae
Mucus
Sticky substance used to trap microbes and dust. Found in nose and trachea.
Universal gas law (Ideal gas law)
relates the volume of a gas with pressure, temperature, and number of moles of gas; written mathematically as PV = nRT
vagus nerve role on heart
slows the rate of heart contractions and increases digestive activity in the intestines
Erythrocytes
red blood cells. they have no organelles not even nuclei which means they do not undergo mitosis. squeezing through capillaries worries out their plasma membranes and about 120 days. most worn out red blood cells are removed from circulation and destroyed as they squeeze through channels in the spleen.
precapillary sphincters
regulate the flow of blood to tissues
atrioventricular (AV) node
slower to depolarize than the SA node, creating a delay which allows the atria to finish their contraction and squeeze their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract.
cooperativity of hemoglobin
when one of the iron atoms and hemoglobin binds an oxygen molecule, oxygenation of the other heme groups is accelerated. similarly release of an oxygen molecule by any of the heme groups accelerates release of the others.
Four methods by which materials cross capillary walls
pinocytosis, diffusion or transport through capillary cell membranes, movement through pores in the cells called fenestrations, movement through the spaces between cells
differential partial pressure
cause the diffusion of oxygen into capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 into the alveoli
carbon dioxide is carried by the blood in what three forms?
dissolved in solution, as bicarbonate ion and in carbamino compounds
Bronchi
two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.
hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid.
total peripheral resistance
the total resistance to flow generated by all the capillary beds in systemic circulation
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Any of the blood cells that are colorless, lack hemoglobin, contain a nucleus, and include the lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
peripheral chemoreceptors
Receptors in the carotid arteries and the aorta that monitor blood pH to help regulate ventilation rate.
oxy-hemoglobin
is formed when oxygen combines with the iron ion in the hemoglobin molecule
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid is present inside the red blood cells but not in the plasma
systolic pressure
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
Section 2
(30 cards)