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Section 1

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sixteenth amendment

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Government Politics

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (47)

Section 1

(47 cards)

sixteenth amendment

Front

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Back

Judiciary Act of 1789

Front

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Back

Virginia Plan

Front

The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise.

Back

concurrent powers

Front

Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.

Back

block grants

Front

Grants ($) given to the states by the federal government for a general purpose (like education or road-building). Unlike categorical grants, states have discretion to decide how to spend the money. Example = Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) (States develop and implement welfare programs using federal money).

Back

tenth amendment

Front

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Back

reserved powers

Front

Powers not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states. Reserved powers are held by the states through the Tenth Amendment.

Back

devolution

Front

The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

Back

John Marshall

Front

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Back

Division of Powers

Front

Basic principle of federalism; the constitutional provisions by which governmental powers are divided on a geographic basis (in the United States, between the National Government and the States).

Back

creative federalism

Front

developed during President Lyndon Johnson's administration, it was characterized by the Great Society programs, which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs.

Back

denied powers

Front

What are powers the federal or state governments may NOT have?

Back

Supremacy clause

Front

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

Back

Great Compromise

Front

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Back

Virginia Resolution

Front

less extreme than the Kentucky Resolution, written anonymously by Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. Later used by Southerners to support secession.

Back

Separation of Powers

Front

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Back

articles of confederation

Front

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Back

new deal

Front

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Back

revenue sharing

Front

Giving money back to the state and local government with no strings attached

Back

Welfare Reform of 1996

Front

Replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) with Temporary Assistance to Needy Family (TANF)

Back

Kentucky resolution

Front

written by jefferson; introduced nullification; states have right to judge laws made and if be, declare laws null and void

Back

ratification

Front

Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

Back

Alexander Hamilton

Front

Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.

Back

Checks and Balances

Front

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Back

James Madison

Front

"Father of the Constitution". His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.

Back

Federalist 51

Front

Separation of powers & checks & balances protects against tyranny

Back

Fiscal Federalism

Front

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.

Back

McCulloch v Maryland

Front

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Back

dual federalism

Front

System of federalism that strictly separates federal power (ex. foreign relations) and state power (ex. protect against crime). Each level of government is dominant within its own sphere. Probably how the Founders thought America would work (enumerated federal powers + reserved state powers). Also known as "layer-cake federalism."

Back

cooperative federalism

Front

A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.

Back

Federalism

Front

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Back

Marbury v Madison

Front

(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review

Back

South Dakota v Dole

Front

The Supreme Court used part of the preamble (general welfare) as the constitutional issue and threatened to limit highway funds to any state that didn't have a drinking age of at least 21

Back

New Jersey Plan

Front

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Back

mandates

Front

terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

Back

Federalist 10

Front

Topic = factions (interest groups); minority factions controlled by majority; majority faction controlled by greater size of USA + virtuous leaders

Back

Commerce clause

Front

The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.

Back

interstate commerce commission

Front

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Back

Ronald Reagan

Front

father of devolution

Back

Shay's Rebellion

Front

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Back

categorical grants

Front

Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport

Back

nullification

Front

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Back

Front

Back

grants in aid

Front

money given by the national government to the states

Back

Gibbons v Ogden

Front

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Back

Bill of Rights

Front

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Back

Elastic Clause

Front

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Back