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Anthro Lecture 20

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19 cards

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Section 1

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Kabwe (Broken Hill) Skull

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Last updated

6 years ago

Date created

Mar 14, 2020

Cards (19)

Section 1

(19 cards)

Kabwe (Broken Hill) Skull

Front

- First called homo rhodesiensis (not conisdered this)

Back

Fossil evidence

Front

- Complicates things - New populations in Siberia - Genetic interbreeding between anatomically modern humans, Neanderthals, and the above newly defined populations - Early anatomically modern humans in China 80,000 ya - New fossils from Greece dating 210 ka - Suggests that anatomically modern humans were already in North Africa 300,000 years ago, implying a much earlier origin for modern humans

Back

Out of Africa Model

Front

modern humans (homo sapiens) left africa and colonized europe and asia - Supported by both fossil and genetic data - All modern populations outside of africa would have arisen in 40,000 years

Back

ecoline

Front

dramatic vegetation change along an environmental gradient

Back

First migration

Front

- Anatomically modern human population that left Africa prior to 60,000 years ago are believed to have died off - Many or all in Mega Drought documented in Africa spans time range of 135-70,000 ya

Back

Herto, Ethiopia Skull

Front

- Herto, Ethiopia: - 160,000 - 180,000 y - 2 adult mail 1 juvenile, assigned subspecies homo sapiens idaltu (implying we are homo sapiens sapiens) - Defleshed skull???? Ritualistic??

Back

Taxonomic Notes

Front

- Classifying pre neanderthal as homo heidelbergensis and african material as homo rhodesiensis is problematic - Eventually would lead to 17 species for archaic human like forms that were interbreeding

Back

Devisovans

Front

A newly discovered group of archaic Homo sapiens from southern Siberia dated to between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago. - Clear contribution for modern humans and neanderthal dna (Breeding w modern humans and neanderthal) - Genes found in modern humans, especially. In southeast asia and asia - Preneandethal is more similar to denisovans than to neanderthals

Back

Second migration

Front

- As africa returns to pre-drought populations, second migration occurs - Move out of africa to areas north of the Sahara desert, not interacting with remnants of the first migration - Evidence from studies of mtDNA suggests that all recent humans trace their ancestry to sub-saharan population that left Africa 60,000 years ago (No contribution from earlier populations) - Travel along the southern coast, eastward through Indo-Pakistan and into Southeast Asia and China. - Only at ~40,000 years ago would these modern humans have started to migrate into Europe, by both a Northern and a Southern route.

Back

Omo, Etiopia Skull

Front

- 200,000 - 100,000 years old

Back

maximum parsimony

Front

A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts - Refers to tracing back mtDNA lineages, there were both an African and Asian origin; African origin was most supported by other evidence, determining African origins - the one that explains the most information

Back

clinal variation

Front

variations of humans such as skin color and brain size that are distributed geographically

Back

Biology, race, and subspecies

Front

1. A race is a division of a species that differs from other divisions by the frequency with which certain hereditary traits appear among its members. 2. A subspecies is defined as for a race, except that the level of difference between subspecies is greater. (Problem: no standard level of difference)

Back

Homo Sapiens Summary

Front

- Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa between 350-300,000 years ago - Known from east africa (Herto and Omo, Ethiopia) - These anatomically modern Homo Sapiens migrated throughout africa and are found in North, East, and South Africa between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago (first migration event)

Back

Skin color

Front

Slight variations in skin color found in human populations are related to a fine balancing act between the skin admitting enough UV light to produce sufficient Vitamin D (which allows us to absorb calcium and prevents rickets) but not destroy folate, necessary for health infants. Natural selection acts on these variants to produce the wide range of skin colors seen in modern humans.

Back

Cro Magnon

Front

Once thought to be the earliest modern human but was just one population of modern humans in europe

Back

Homo Sapiens

Front

- Best earliest evidence is from Herto and Omo - The major change we see in the transition from advanced Homo erectus to anatomically modern Homo sapiens(Omo, Herto) is the shortening of the neurocranium. This change, in addition to the continual increase in brain size, results in a skull that is shorter and more tall, so it is no longer platycephalic. This is the first major change in skull anatomy, except for a reduction in the face, in over 1.3 my! - Change in skull shape around 250,000 (300,000 maximum)

Back

Upper Paleolithic Technology

Front

- Cultural expansion (bone for tools and figurines) - Associated with Homo Sapiens - European phenomenon 40-30,000 years - Findings of beads and incised ocher 100-75,000 years but epic do not show expansion of technology of europe at this time - Bones for tools and figurines (Venus figurines, ivory animal and human) = Cave Painting (32,000 years ago) - Writing (14,000. 'Writing' used loosely lol)

Back

Multiregional Model

Front

Homo erectus populations left Arica and colonized Europe and Asia and evolved locally - These regional populations then evolved into modern humans more-or-less independently, giving rise to the geographic variation seen in humans today - Suggests little interbreeding between various populations - Little support due to genetic data

Back