Section 1
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which of the following structures serves as the cell's boundary from its environment
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Cards (153)
Section 1
(50 cards)
which of the following structures serves as the cell's boundary from its environment
cell membrane
photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into
oxygen and high-energy sugars
which structure in figure 8-2 represents a single thylakoid
structure A
which of the following organisms makes its own food using light energy from the sun
mushrooms
diffusion occurs because
molecules constantly move and collide with each other
what are the three parts of an ATP molecule
adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
where do the light-dependent reactions take place
within the thylakoid membranes
which of the following is a function of the nucleus
stores DNA
the calvin cycle is another name for the
light-independent reactions
where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found
in the thylakoid membrane
an animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes
water to move into the cell
which of the following is NOT found in the overall reaction for photosynthesis
nitrogen
organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are called
heterotrophs
which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful
lysosome
which organelles are involved in energy conversion
mitochondria and chloroplasts
energy is released from ATP when
a phosphate group is removed
which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton
helps a cell keep its shape
which of the following organisms are prokaryotes
bacteria
plants gather energy with light-absorbing molecules called
pigments
which of the following conclusions could you draw about the cell shown in figure 7-1
the cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus
which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory
very few cells are able to reproduce
in figure 8-4, why might the candle in jar A burn longer than the candle in jar B
carbon dioxide produced by the plant allows the candle to burn longer
look at figure 8-1. all of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT
structure D
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called
osmosis
who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them cells
robert hooke
which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus
eukaryotes
a student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temp of 27 degrees C. the gas being collected is probably
oxygen
the primary function of the cell wall is to
support and protect the cell
which of the following best describes the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
the nucleus is an organelle that is surrounded by the cytoplasm
which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not in animal cells
chloroplast
which structures shown in figure 8--1 make up and ATP molecule
A, B, C, and D
what happens when the chlorophyll is struck by sunlight
the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule become energized
which of the following is a function of the cell membrane
regulates the movements of materials into and out of the cell
looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. how do you know?
the cell lacks a nucleus
where are photosystems I and II found
in the thylakoid membrane
what is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis
electron carrier
plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis by absorbing
sunlight
which structures are involved in cell movement
microtubules and microfilaments
what is a product of the calvin cycle
high-energy sugars
which structure in the cell shown in figure 7-2 above stores materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?
structure c
Which means of particle transport is shown in Figure 7-5 above?
endocytosis
the calvin cycle takes place in the
stroma
which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus
ribosome
most plants appear green because chlorophyll
does not absorb green light
what happens during photosynthesis
autotrophs produce carbohydrates
a granum is a
stack of thylakoids
which of these is NOT true of cells
they are much like empty rooms
which means of particle transport requires energy from the cell
active transport
which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
mitochondrion
organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called
autotrophs
Section 2
(50 cards)
photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
mitochondria
the first phase of mitosis is called
prophase
the products of photosynthesis are the
reactants of cellular respiration
how do organisms get the energy they need
by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy
which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration
anaerobic bacterium
unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
all eukaryotic cells
during which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell
metaphase
which process does NOT release energy from glucose
photosynthesis
which of the following happens when a cell divides
each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell's DNA
in which experimental setup shown above would you expect the Elodea plant inside the test tube to produce the LEAST amount of oxygen
A
compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble
moving needed materials in and waste products out
high energy electrons that move down the electron transport chain ultimately provide the energy needed to
convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules
cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
oxygen
what is the correct equation for cellular respiration
602+C6H12O6 -> 6CO2+6H20+energy
the two main types of fermentation are called
alcoholic and lactic acid
which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration
fermentation
in the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by
the krebs cycle
the structure labeled A in figure 10-5 is called the
centromere
which of the following pass high-energy electrons to the transport chain
NADH and FADH2
during which phase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen
m phase
glycolysis requires
ATP
which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
which of the following lists structures from smallest to largest
double helix, nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome
the two main stages of cell division are called
mitosis and cytokinesis
the structures labeled B in figure 10-5 are called
sister chromatids
as a cell becomes larger its
surface area increases faster than its volume
which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration
glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> electron transport chain
in eukaryotes, the electron transport occurs in the
cytoplasm
when during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated
s phase
during which phases of mitosis are structures like the one shown in figure 10-5 visible
prophase, metaphase, and anaphase
what is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis
they help seperate the chromosomes
glycolysis provides the cell with a net gain of
2 ATP molecules
cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
food molecules
breathing heavily after running a race is your body's way of
repaying an oxygen debt
the starting molecule for the krebs cycle is
pyruvic acid
the starting molecule for glycolysis is
glucose
during normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing
four chromosomes
the krebs cycle does NOT occur if
oxygen is not present
cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately
36 ATP molecules
the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
cell division
an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that
provides genetic diversity
when during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible
only during cell division
all of the following are sources of energy for humans during exercise EXCEPT
alcoholic fermentation
which of these is a product of cellular respiration
water
which of the following is a correct statement about the events of a cell cycle
interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
lactic acid fermentation occurs in
any environment containing oxygen
all of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCEPT
excess oxygen
when the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out
cellular respiration
cell division is represented in figure 10-3 by the letter
C
the air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process
alcoholic fermentation
Section 3
(50 cards)
Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of
haploid cells
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
they divide when densely packed, they ignore messages to divide, and they divide when they aren't attached to other cells
why are stem cells important
they have the potential to develop into other types of cells
figure 11-5, the gene map of a fruit fly's chromosome 2 shows the relative locations of the star eye, dumpy wing, and black body genes to be 1.3, 13.0, and 48.5, respectively. between which two genes does crossing over occur most frequently
between the star eye and black body
what is formed at the end of meiosis
four genetically different cells
the different forms of a gene are called
alleles
based on figure 9-4, which pathway is the most efficient at producing energy for a cell
pathway C is most efficient because it produces the most ATP using the same amount of glucose as the other two pathways
What are the only kinds of cells that undergo meiosis?
spermocytes and oocytes
during early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. later on in development, the cells will become specialized through a process called
differentiation
what is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph
an autotroph, like algea, make their own food. heterotrophs, like cheetas, feed on other organisms
The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol
N
photosynthesis equation in words
6 carbon dioxide+6 water -> glucose+oxygen+water
in figure 11-8 what is the structure labeled X in stage A
a tetrad
gametes are produced by the process of
meiosis
If an organism's diploid number is 12, its haploid number is
6
what is shown in figure 11-4
crossing over
what are three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
light, water, and carbon dioxide
Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics apply to
all organisms
list the correct order for the diagrams in figure 10-10
D, A, C, B
Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7-7. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.
A: rough er B: cytoplasm C: smooth er D: nucleolus E: nucleus F: mitochondria G: golgi apparatus H: ribosome I: cell membrane
what are three sources of ATP that your body uses during a long aerobic exercise session
stored ATP, cellular respiration, and lactic acid fermentation
what are the products of the light-dependent reactions in figure 8-12
sugars, NADP, and ADP
one difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have
a cell plate
look at figure 7-10. describe the movement of water in the experimental setup. what will happen to the concentration of water over time
the water on both sides is moving back and forth. over time there will be a lesser water concentration on one side than the other
Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to
control crosses between plants
what is the chromosome number of the cell shown in figure 10-10
4
identify each phase of mitosis shown in figure 10-9 above and the order in which they occur
interphase is 3, which happens first, prophase is 2, which happens second, metaphase is 5, which goes third, anaphase is 1, which is fourth, and 4 is telophase, which happens last
the main events of the cell cycle are labeled A, B, C, and D in figure 10-3. name these events and briefly describe what heppens
A is G1 phase, where cell growth happens, B is the S phase where DNA replication occurs, C is the G2 phase where the cell prepares for mitosis, and D is the M phase where cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis) occurs
what does figure 10-10 represent? how do you know if this is an animal cell or plant cell?
represents the stages of mitosis. it is an animal cell because of the shape of the cell and the centrioles
photosynthesis equation in symbols
6CO2+6H20 -> C6H12O6+6O2
what process is shown in figure 8-12
photosynthesis
how does the solution on side A of the apparatus shown in figure 7-10 differ from the solution on side B
side A has a lesser solute particle concentration than side B
what organelle is shown in figure 8-12
chloroplast
cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their
growth rate
When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited
one allele from each parent
which of the following are external regulators of the cell cycle
growth factors
cancer affects
multicellular organisms only
linked genes
are on the same chromosome
A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate,
the offspring can be tall or short
cancer cells form masses of cells called
tumors
chromosomes form tetrads during
prophase 1 of meiosis
in eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by
cyclins
which of the following assort independently
chromosomes
gametes have
one allele for each gene
what does the cell theory say
all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, all cells are produced from other cells
when cells are growing in a lab, which of the following is a factor that can stop normal cells from dividing
contact with other cells
look at figure 10-12. which diagram shows cancer cells? how do you know?
diagram A because the cells form a tumor
How many sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell?
there are 2 sets of chromosomes
Define homologous chromosomes
chromosome pairs from each parent that are similar, except the position of the genes are the same, but they might contain a different allele
in figure 8-12, what provides the carbon needed to make sugars
the carbon dioxide from the air
Section 4
(3 cards)