Section 1
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animal domestication
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Cards (409)
Section 1
(50 cards)
animal domestication
genetic modification of an animal so that it is more easily controlled by humans
shantytown
- a deprived area on the outskirts of a town consisting of large numbers of crude dwellings - usually found on the periphery of cities, in public parks, or near railroad tracks, rivers, lagoons or city trash dump sites
zoning
sectioning off different ways of urban land use; E.g. residential, industrial, business
agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
gentrification
a trend in urban neighborhoods, which results in increased property values and the displacing of lower-income families and small businesses; refers to shifts in an urban community lifestyle and an increasing share of wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values
edge city
concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area a relatively large urban area situated on the outskirts of a city, typically beside a major road.
intensive commercial agriculture
yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated application of labor and/or capital usually to small holdings
favela
a Brazilian slum within or on the outskirts of urban areas, especially Rio De Jeneiro
gated community
residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences; consist of small residential streets and include various shared amenities
urban renewal
rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
megalopolis
a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas
suburb
a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city
Bid-rent curve
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases
economic base
the major industries that provide employment in an area
sector model
- a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt - a modification of the concentric zone model of city development - allows for an outward progression of growth
Gravity Model
interaction of places based on their population, sizes, and distances between them
metropolitan area
a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing; these are key economic and political regions
extensive commercial agriculture
yields a much smaller output per acre as farmers spread their labor and capital over large areas of land.
central business district
the commercial and business center of a city; typified by a concentration of retail and office buildings
biotechnology and GMOs
genetic modification of organisms to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops.
counterurbanization
net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
primate city
the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy; E.g. London, Paris, Bangkok, Athens
multiple nuclei model
focus on regional centers (e.g. heavy industry, business parks, retail areas). The model is suitable for the large, expanding cities
infrastructure
the fundamental facilities and systems serving a place; E.g. transportation and communication systems, power plants, schools.
central-place theory
a geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system; defined by Walter Christaller
multiplier effect
the increase in final income arising from any new injection of spending; the size of the multiplier depends upon household's marginal decisions to spend, called the marginal propensity to consume (mpc), or to save, called the marginal propensity to save (mps)
hinterland
The market area surrounding an urban center
world city
a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system; the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means
agricultural hearths
Places where agriculture first developed and originated.
rank-size rule
- settlements in a country may be ranked in order of their size - if the population of a town is multiplied by its rank, the sum will equal the population of the highest ranked city. In other words, the population of a town ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest city the fifth town, by rank, will have a population one-fifth of the first.
New Urbanism
an urban design movement which promotes walkable neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies
urban sprawl
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas
aquaculture
use of river segments or artificial bodies of water such as ponds for the raising and harvesting of food products
dairy
milk products
gateway city
a major entry point or city to a country; E.g. New York, London
forward capital
A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons; E.g. Brasilia, Washington D.C., Abuja
squatter settlement
- aka shantytown - a settlement of plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, and cardboard boxes - usually found on the periphery of cities, in public parks, near railroad tracks, rivers, lagoons or city trash dump sites
range
- the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service - calculated in travel time that a consumer needs to get to a service location
threshold
- the minimum number of people required to support a business - calculated by earnings of the local population
agriculture
The practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
Informal economy
the diversified set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers that are not regulated or protected by the state; the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government
agrarian
(Adj.) Having to do with farms, farmers, or the use of land
commercial agriculture
Farming for profit
inner city
the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city
concentric zone model
An urban model in which a series of rings emanates from the CBD, each with increasing quality and price of land; created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925
megacity
a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people; E.g. Tokyo, Shanghai, Paris, London, New York City
urbanization
a population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
crop rotation
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year,to avoid exhausting the soil.
conurbation
an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.
ghetto
a forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority
Section 2
(50 cards)
Third Agricultural Revolution
dates as far back as the 1930s when scientists in the American midwest manipulated seed varieties/ success is debated
Rostow's model of economic development
1) traditional society, 2) preconditions, 3) take off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) mass consumption
irrigation
artificial watering of farmland
gross national income (GNI)
Production (GDP) + money that leaves and enters the country (e.g. remittances)
human development index (HDI)
Overall measure of a country's development; Uses economic, social, and demographic variables.
GDP/per capita
gives a measure of the individual (per person average) standard of living in a country
First Agricultural Revolution
8,000 BCE; Plant and animal domestication
pesticides
Chemicals that kill crop-destroying organisms [农药]
gross domestic product (GDP)
The sum total of all the goods and services created in an economy; Provides a measure of the size of the economy
staple food
Foods eaten regularly or in such quantities as to constitute the dominant part of the diet and supply a major proportion of energy and nutrients
hunting and gathering
the killing of wild game and the harvesting of wild plants to provide food in traditional cultures.
livestock ranching
a form of commercial agriculture in which cattle graze over an extensive area.
quinary sector
The highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. E.G. top executives or officials in government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.
tertiary sector
services (providing goods and services to people in exchange for cash payment): e.g. education, banking, retail, law, accountants, healthcare, etc.
Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of modern agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
less developed country (LDC)
A.K.A. Developing country
Von Thuenen model
Explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy- rings around a city,
foreign direct investment
investment by a foreign company in the economy of another country
pastoral nomadism
Mobile people that herd domestic animals; Usually practiced in dry areas.
consumer goods
products bought and used by individuals: e.g. cars, clothing, telephones, computers, toys, washing machines, hair dryers, lawnmowers......
plant domestication
genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
intensive subsistence agriculture
The form of subsistence agriculture that feeds most people in LDCs; Farmers work hard on small parcels of land, usually without machines.
self-sufficiency
produce enough goods to feed, clothe, and house the population
organic farming
using natural substances instead of fertilizers and chemicals to increase crop yields [有机]
nomad
a member of a mobile pastoral people; E.g. Traditional Pastoral Mongolians
truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming popular in the South and East US.
World Bank
Provides loans to countries for economic development and strengthen public administration
horticulture
growing of fruits/vegetables/flowers for commercial use.
supply
the amount of goods available for sale
quaternary sector
the portion of the economy concerned with information, populated with highly-skilled, well-trained individuals.
plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop.
deforestation
The removal of trees, usually for farmland.
Second Agricultural Revolution
1600s-1800s/increase in food production/tools were modified/ urbanization/ happened alongside the industrial revolution
fair trade
Products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses
shifting cultivation
(slash-and-burn) A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; Each field is used for crops for a few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Works to reduce barriers to international trade by reducing tariffs, quotas, and subsidies
development
Improvement in the material conditions of people
secondary sector
Industry and manufacturing: The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
primary sector
Agriculture and natural resources: The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface.
cattle
cows and bulls
more developed country (MDC)
A.K.A. Developed country
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Provides assistance to countries having financial difficulty including inability to meet international payments, extreme inflation, instability, etc.
Mediterranean Agriculture
specialized farming, especially olives and grapes, in dry-summer climates with prevailing sea winds: Southern Europe, Northern Africa, California, Chile, South Africa, Southwestern Australia.
transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
extensive subsistence agriculture
An agricultural production system that uses small inputs of hand labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.
desertification
the process by which formally fertile lands become increasingly arid and unproductive.
demand
Quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy
fertilizer
a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility [肥料]
grain
Seed from various grasses, E.g. wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet
sedentary
Settled; Stationary; Non-mobile
Section 3
(50 cards)
productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
distance decay
things that are closer have more in common than things that are further away; industries are more likely to serve markets of nearby places than those far away
neocolonialism
Economic exploitation of developing countries without formal political control.
footloose industry
a general term for an industry whose location is not dependent on factors such as resources or transportation (site and/or situation factors do not have a significant impact on location)
break-of-bulk
a location where transfer from one mode of transportation to another is possible
bulk-reducing industry
an industry in which the final product weighs less or has a lower volume/bulk than the inputs
capital
wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person, organization, or business; wealth available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
A trading bloc between Canada, Mexico, and the United States
microfinance
The lending of small amounts of money at low interest to new businesses in the developing world; Provide opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living; E.g. Grameen Bank
uneven development
The gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
ecotourism
Recreational travel based on concern for the environment; A strategy used by some countries to help protect the environment and generate jobs.
least-cost theory
describes optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to costs of transport, labor, and relative advantages of agglomeration; developed by Weber
export processing zone
zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment
industrialization
The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.
socio-economic indicators
Measures of development that include Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, sectoral structure of an economy (primary, secondary, tertiary), income distribution, fertility rates, infant mortality rates, access to health care, and literacy rates.
deindustrialization
the decrease of employment in manufacturing as a share of total employment in MDCs during the past few decades
renewable energy
A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.
acid rain
by-product of air pollution that forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels; these pollutants combine with water vapor and eventually work their way into lakes and streams; results include corrosion of buildings and monuments, fish kills, stunted growth of forests, and loss of crops
fossil fuels
coal, petroleum, and natural gas
gender inequality index
a measure of the extent of disparity between males and females
value added
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy to make it.
BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, and China (Sometimes includes South Africa); Countries predicted to dominate global manufacturing in this century.
just-in-time delivery
process that redefines and simplifies manufacturing by reducing inventory levels and delivering raw materials or parts just as they are needed on the production line
infrastructure
services that support economic activities
technology gap
Disparity of communication, information, and innovation in core vs periphery
cottage industry
a traditional type of manufacturing usually found in the pre-industrial revolution era, practiced on a small scale in individual households as a part-time occupation and designed to produce handmade goods for local consumption
fracking
Hydraulic Fracturing; Method to release natural gas by pumping water at high pressure to break apart rocks.
commodity chain
the linked operations (step-by-step process) beginning with the design and ending with the production and distribution of a good
Millennium Development Goals
Eight international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015.
agglomeration
clustering of industries; occurs b/c they can share talents, services, and facilities
hydroelectric power
Electricity generated by flowing water
Four Asian Tigers
Highly free & developed economies in East & SE Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, & Singapore
transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
comparative advantage
the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity more efficiently (e.g. lower cost or higher quality) than a different individual or group
World bank
A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Grameen Bank
A microfinance organization based in Bangladesh that specializes in making loans to women.
industry
manufacturing goodss in a factory
social indicators
Fordism
form of mass production - each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly
brownfield
a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant, or contaminant (e.g. former gas stations, dry cleaners, etc.)
nuclear power
energy from splitting Uranium atoms.
labor-intensive
an industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total expenses
energy consumption
the act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used
core-periphery model
A.K.A. Wallerstein World-Systems Model; Describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions; Core regions mostly in the north, periphery regions mostly in the south; Explains uneven development.
trading bloc
A.K.A. single market; A group of nations that trade without barriers such as tariffs; E.g. EU, NAFTA; Have become more important ass a result of globalization.
Industrial Revolution
profound technological and economic changes that arose in England during late 18th century and rapidly spread to other parts of Europe & N. America; modern factories, mass-produced goods, and modern forms of capital investment are all products of this time period
literacy rate
The percentage of a country's adults who can read and write; An economic indicator.
bulk-gaining industry
an industry in which the final product weighs more or has a greater volume/bulk than the inputs
dependency theory
The periphery is dependent on the core
purchasing power parity (PPP)
the amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; Uses income-adjured figures.
Section 4
(50 cards)
mass production
the production of large amounts of standardized products including, and especially on, assembly lines
nationality
Identity as member of a nation/state; Legal status (citizenship); Allegiance (loyalty) to a nation/state
dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
standard language
The form of a language used for official government business, education and mass communications.
language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
logogram
A written character that represents a word or phrase; I.E. Chinese and Japanese characters, Egyptian hieroglyphs.
textile
woven fabric
extinct language
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
language branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
accent
a distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class.
nonbasic industries
industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers in the community
ethnicity
Cultural traits; Identity with people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
Indo-European
The language family that is the most widely-spoken and has the largest number of speakers; Includes the Germanic, Romance, and Slavic branches (among many others).
government initiative
government plans, at various scales (central, regional, local, provincial, etc.), to help promote economic development.
outsourcing
transfer of business components (jobs done within/by a company) to a third party for reasons such as cheaper labor, easier access to labor, or higher quality
new international division of labor
transfer of some types of jobs (particularly low-paid, less skilled workers) from MDCs to LDCs
lingua franca
A language that is mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
Esperanto
A language not of any country or ethnic group; a neutral, international language.
maquiladora
factories located in Mexico near the U.S. border built by U.S. companies to take advantage of the lower labor costs in Mexico; largely occurred b/c of NAFTA which eliminated tarriffs
genocide
The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenous region.
One Belt One Road Initiative
(一带一路) A transnational development and infrastructure pact initiated by China.
isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different languages usages predominate.
substitution principle
business owners can juggle expenses as long as other costs (e.g. labor, land, etc.) don't all increase at the same time
transnational corporations
companies that operate factories in countries other than the ones in which they are headquartered
Post-Fordism
adoption of flexible work rules by some companies; can include grouping workers into teams that perform a variety of tasks
ethnic cleansing
A process in which a more powerful ethnic group attempts to remove a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
situation characteristics
factors that reflect the relative location of a place, particularly those concerning transportation
Vulgar Latin
A form of Latin used in daily conversations by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Spanglish
A combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans.
language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Received Pronunciation (RP)
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.
vernacular
The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region.
toponym
Name of a place.
tariff
a tax or duty to be paid on a particular group of imports or exports
offshoring
financial institutions located outside of the country that offer tax advantages & privacy
literary tradition
A language that is written as well as spoken.
creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
racism
A belief in superiority or inferiority of people purely because of race.
special economic zones (SEZs)
government-designated areas in China where foreign investment is allowed and capitalistic ventures are encouraged
phonogram
A written character that represents a sound. I.E. Latin alphabet, Korean Hangul.
Sino-Tibetan
A language family that includes languages spoken in parts of China and Myanmar.
pidgin language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
official language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
ebonics
A dialect spoken by some African Americans.
site characteristics
factors that reflect the unique characteristics of a location such as land, labor, & capital
isolated language
A.K.A. language isolate; A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
race
Physical traits; Identity with a group of people based on a biological ancestor.
slang
Informal, non-standard words and phrases.
Apartheid
Separation of races into geographic areas ("homelands"); Forced migration of blacks into "homelands"; Established in South Africa after independence from the British Empire and in effect until the 1990s.
Section 5
(50 cards)
Confucianism
A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.
fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Shia
A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam; A major branch of Islam.
geomancy
A.K.A. fengshui; the art of placing or arranging buildings or other sites auspiciously.
enclave
A distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory.
Sharia Law
The code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed.
ghetto
An ethnic neighborhood often impoverished and segregated; Associated with Jewish diaspora.
Rwanda
An East African country of 12 million with its capital at Kigali; Site of a 1994 genocide in which the majority Hutu ethnic group attempted to murder all the minority Tutsi ethnic groups.
reincarnation
In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding.
animism
The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena; Associated with hunter-gatherer societies.
monotheism
The belief of the existence of only one god
Judaism
A monotheist ethnic religion that originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people in the 8th century BCE; Hearth at Canaan (modern day Israel and Palestine).
caste
A class or distinct hereditary order into which a person is assigned according to a religious law; Associated with Hinduism.
Muslims
Followers of the religion of Islam.
Kurds
The largest ethnic group in the world without a home state; Divided among several states including Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
Jerusalem
Hearth of Christianity
Sikhism
A belief system which blends Hindu traditions with Islamic monotheistic traditions. Hearth in India and Pakistan; Holy city at Amritsar, India.
segregation
Separation of public life based on race; Laws established in the US Southern states after slavery and in effect until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s
interfaith boundaries
The boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
Christian population
A religion of 2.2 billion people; The largest religion by followers and the most widespread.
sacred space
An area that has special religious significance or meaning that makes it worthy of reverence or devotion.
denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
Indian partition of 1947
British exit lead to ethnic conflict and the creation of Pakistan
Jews
The ethno-religious nation of people that originated from the Israelites (Hebrews) of the Middle East.
Jainism
A religion founded in India in the sixth century BC as an offshoot of Hinduism; Believers practice an extreme form of nonviolence as a daily guiding principle.
polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one god
Hispanic/Latino/Latina
a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race; One of the largest ethnic minorities in the U.S.
Christians
Followers of the teachings of Jesus.
Buddhists
Followers of Buddhism.
Buddhism
Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved thA religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.
pagan
A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
paganism
The belief or practice of polytheistic religions
Hadj
Pilgrimage to Mecca; Fifth "Pillar of Islam".
ethnic religion
A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people
religion
A system of beliefs shared by a group with objects for devotion, rituals for worship and a code of ethics.
Christianity
A monotheistic universalizing religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus.
Shintoism
The ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma.
Mormonism
The religion of the Church of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith in 1831; A Christian sect; Sacred spaces mostly in Utah, USA.
Muslim population
A religion of 1.3 billion people in the world; The predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia.
sect
A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
burial practices
A.K.A. landscapes of the dead; The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. Religions vary on the method of handling the dead; Physical and cultural landscapes are affected by varying practices.
cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
Sunni
A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; The major branch of Islam.
Islam
A universal religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran.
pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
secularism
A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations, especially in politics
Hindus
Followers of the religion of Hinduism.
Hinduism
An ethnic religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
missionary
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
diaspora
People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity
Section 6
(50 cards)
custom
Frequent repetition of an act until it becomes characteristic of a group of people.
Ellis Island
Located in Upper New York Bay; The gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the United States and the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station for over sixty years from 1892 until 1954; Today the island along with Liberty Island (the home of the Statue of Liberty) is part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument.
space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place because of technological innovation; Explains migration patters throughout time and space.
intraregional migration
Permanent movement within one region.
habit
Repetitive act performed by an individual.
unauthorized immigrant
A.K.A. Illegal immigrant, undocumented immigrant; People who enter a country without proper documents.
international migration
Permanent movement from one country to another.
Eastern Orthodox Church
An ancient Christian church concentrated in Eastern Europe, especially Russia and Greece.
interregional migration
Permanent movement from one region to another region.
guest worker
Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East.
migration
A move to a new location; Usually permanent.
pull factor
Induces people to move into a new location.
migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition.
universalizing religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people
Protestant Reformation
A schism from the Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas; Eg. many developed countries.
asylum seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
Zionism
A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
internal migration
Permanent movement with the same country.
emigration
Migration from a location.
popular culture
Found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in personal characteristics.
quotas
Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States from each country during a 1-year period.
voluntary migration
Migrant who has chosen to move for economic improvement.
rural-urban migration
Net migration from rural to urban areas; E.g. most international migration patterns, internal migration in developing countries (esp. China).
assimilation
The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, often used to describe immigrant adaptation to a new place of residence.
net migration
Difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.
distance decay
As distance increases, the possibility of contact decreases in importance and strength; Explains migrations patters throughout time and space.
material culture
Food, clothing, and shelter; The physical objects produced by a society in order to meet its needs.
relocation diffusion
the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
mobility
A general term covering all types of movements from one place to another.
Zoroastrianism
One of the first monotheistic religions with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.
push factor
Induces people to move out of their present location.
theism
A belief in one or more gods; As opposed to animism, which has no belief in deities.
cultural hearth
Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
immigration
Migration to a location.
Taoism (Daoism)
An indigenous Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.
"Trail of Tears"
Forced Indian migration after the Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the US Army to remove Indian tribes to Indian reservations in Oklahoma.
refugee
Person who has been forced to migrate because of severe push factors like war, natural disasters, race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, or political opinion.
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
Law passed to issue visas to undocumented migrants in the US; Led to mass migration from Latin America in the 1990s.
taboo
A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
chain migration
A.K.A. migration ladder; Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Catholic Church
The largest Christian church; Headed by the Pope in the Vatican City, enclaved within Rome.
forced migration
Migrants are compelled to move by cultural factors.
Vatican City
Sacred space of Catholicism; Enclaved within Rome
homogenous
Of the same kind; alike; Used to describe social groups of cultural practices (especially popular culture).
folk culture
Traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation.
brain drain
the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
intervening obstacle
Barriers to migration; An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.
Protestant Church
The second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide (40% of all Christians); Originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.
orthodoxy
traditional or established religious beliefs
Section 7
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zero population growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Schengen Agreement
Est. 1985; Created the Schengen Area in Europe, in which internal border checks and other barriers to migration have largely been removed.
sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
crude death rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.
physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
maquiladora
in Mexico, a manufacturing plant owned by a foreign company
agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
nomadic herder
A person who raises livestock for a living and has no settled home but moves from place to place; Eg. Mongolia.
population pyramid: declining population
Europe
A major population cluster of mostly urbanites; Germany, France, UK, Italy.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
arithmetic density
The total number of objects in an area; Total population divided by the total land area.
sanctuary city
A city that does not have policies to prosecute undocumented immigrants, or protects immigrants from punishment by the central government.
doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
migration selectivity
Tendency for certain types of people to move; E.g. most international migrants are working-age males.
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high portion of the population.
density
Related to frequency (the number of objects in an area)
epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.
Southeast Asia
A major population cluster; Rural; Indonesia (especially Java), Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand.
Northeastern North America
The largest population cluster in the western hemisphere; Highly urban populations; New York, Chicago, Boston, Toronto, Philadelphia, Washington D.C.
The Great Famine
AKA. Irish Potato Famine; 1845-1852; Malthusian policies in Ireland contribute to famine and starvation, resulting in mass emigration of Irish.
infant mortality rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
industrialization
The process of transforming a society from agrarian to industrial.
mortality
Death; The state of being mortal
cartogram
A thematic map in which regions are scaled and distorted based on a data value (such as population density).
crude birth rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society.
Agricultural Revolution
The development of farming, ca. 10,000 BCE; When humans switched from mobile hunter-gatherer societies into sedentary farming communities.
dependency ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
epidemiological transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
dot density map
A thematic map in which a symbol is used to indicate the presence of a phenomenon. Usually indicated as a one-to-one ratio.
choropleth map
A thematic map in which areas are shaded in proportion to the measurement of density; Sometimes called a "heat map".
total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
fertility
The quality of being productive; Soil, childbirth, etc.
East Asia
The second largest of the world's major population clusters; Mostly rural, but increasingly urban; China, Japan, Korea.
South Asia
The largest of the four major population clusters of the world; Mostly rural; India, Pakistan, Bangladesh.
ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement; It has grown physically to cover most of the habitable land on Earth today.
demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
demographic transition model
The process of change in a region's population as that region develops and receives the benefits of modern technology.
sex-selective abortion
Commonly the result of population control policies; Males are usually favored over females.
population pyramid: balanced population
"baby boom" generation
A demographic group in the United States born after World War II (1946-1964).
population pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by the age and sex.
remittance
A payment of money sent to a person in another place, usually by an emigrant back home to family in the leaving country.
natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
proportional symbol map
A thematic map in which the cartographer chooses a symbol to represent a data value, then scales it according to the size of the value.
overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
population pyramid: developing region
census
Enumeration of a population; The single most important data source for a demographer.
Section 8
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Thomas Malthus
(1766-1834) One of the first people to argue that population increase was outpacing food and resources.
natality
the ratio of the number of births to the size of the population; birth rate
sparsely populated regions
Land that is too dry, wet, cold, or high; E.g. Northern Canada, Northern Siberia, Sahara Desert, Australian Outback, Himalaya Mountains.
remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods.
toponym
Name given to a place on Earth
scale
The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and the earth as a whole
Nile river and delta
the site of Egypt's largest population clusters
arable land
land suited for agriculture
urban planning
determining and drawing up plans for the physical arrangement and condition of a community
Geographic Information Science (GIScience)
Use of computers and satellites to analize geographic data; Allows more accurate and complex maps
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Use of GIScience to pinpoint locations and navigate
Greenwich Mean Time
The time zone at the prime meridian;
geographic information system (GIS)
Systems that use layers and mashups to communicate information and patterns
spatial perspective
Emphasis on where things are; Synonym: geographic perspective
prime meridian
0° Longitude; Passes through Royal Observatory at Greenwich in London
contagious diffusion
A type of expansion diffusion; Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population similar to how a virus spreads.
cultural landscape
An area constructed from nature by a cultural group; Gives regions their unified character
meridian (longitude)
Arc drawn between the North and South Poles; Used to tell time
Malthusianism
Theory that population tends to increase at a faster rate than its means of subsistence and that unless it is checked by moral restraint or disaster (as disease, famine, or war) widespread poverty and degradation inevitably result.
stage 1 of demographic transition
Low growth; Very high birth and death rates = 0 NIR; Hunting & gathering, agricultural societies.
West Africa
A large population cluster; Rural agriculturalists; esp. Nigeria;
concentration
Related to space and spread (ie. clustering and scarcity [sparse])
antinatalist policy
A government plan to decrease the birth rate
situation
Location of a place relative to other places
possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
geographic grid
A system of imaginary arcs (meridians and parallels) on Earth's surface; Important role in telling time (longitude) and climate (latitutde)
location
The position of something on Earth's surface
map projection
Scientific method of transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map
equator
0° Latitude; Generally the hottest climates on earth
"Malthusian Trap"
The point at which resources are exhausted by population increase, resulting in suffering, misery, famine, starvation, and population decline.
expansion diffusion
Ideas/features are spread through a rapid, additive process, often expedited via modern technology
stage 3 of the demographic transition
Decreasing growth; Birth rates rapidly decline; death rates continue to decline; NIR moderates; Highly urban societies.
pronatalist policy
A government plan to increase the birth rate
hierarchical diffusion
A type of expansion diffusion; Spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places down the hierarchy
formal region
Also called a uniform region or a homogeneous region is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics; Has well-defined borders that can be accurately mapped.
informal community
A residential area that developed without urban planning or government oversight. E.g. favelas, slums, shantytowns.
stage 2 of demographic transition
High growth; Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates = very high NIR; Industrial societies or societies that benefit from the medical revolution.
relocation diffusion
People spread ideas/features through movement (i.e. migration)
functional region
Also called a nodal region, is an area organized around a node or central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations.
site
Physical character of a place
urban sprawl and farmland loss
When the expansion of cities take away valuable arable land; Eg. Cairo.
hearth
Place from which an innovation originates
cartography
Science of mapmaking
stimulus diffusion
Spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
projection distortion
Result of projecting a sphere shape on a flat surface (pictured: distortion from Mercator Projection)
vernacular region
Also called a perceptual region, is a place people believe exists as part of their cultural identity; Borders are often not well-defined or are perceived differently depending on who you ask.
favela
Overcrowded, informal community in Brazilian cities, especially Rio de Janiero.
environmentalism determinism
How the physical environment causes social development
Japan
A country in stage 4 of the demographic transition (ZPG); Declining population; Few immigrants.
stage 4 of the demographic transition
Low growth; Very low birth and death rates = zero population growth
Section 9
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