Section 1
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Planck function
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (57)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Planck function
- A distribution of wavelengths of emitted radiation, which has a characteristic slope. Wavelength by Energy density.
water transfer
- driver of ocean circulation, evaporation, precipitation
Angular momentum conservation
- if a rotating object moves closer to its axis of rotation, it must speed up to conserve angular momentum
Halocline
- salinity increases rapidly around 100m depth
Blackbodies
- Objects that emit with 100% efficiency (radiation)
Solar radiation
- Radiation emitted by sun, almost all liught in earths atmosphere with a wavelength less than 3 microns
Sensible Heat Flux
- fast moving molecules of substance 1 collide with neighboring molecules of substance 2, which are moving more slowly. This forces the molecules of substance 2 to speed up. Substance 2 becomes hotter as a result of its physical contact with substance 1. This form of heat transfer often occurs between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. Positive is flux from surface to atmosphere.
Temperature
- ocean heated from above, warmest temperatures near the surface of the ocean
oceanic uptake
- one main way anthropogenic CO2 is removed from the atmosphere, bc elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations a bit more dissolves in seawater than normal, this extra carbon is transformed to toeher molecules and ions containing carbon, these taken up by marine organisms, part of carbon incorporated into the skelton of marine organisms and buried in deep sea sediments as organisms die and fall to the bottom of the ocean
Density
- function of temperature and salinity, warmer water is less dense, saltier water is more dense, warmer + fresher = less dense so very stable environment with little vertical motion, especially below 100m
Terrestrial Radiation
- Radiation emitted by the earth, almost all light in earth's atmosphere with a wavelength greater than 3 microns comes from the earth or the atmosphere
Chlorophyll
- makes plants green, chemical responsible for photodynthesis, can see phytoplankton in ocean;s main upwelling zones, because dead biological materials tend to sink, so deep waters rich in nutrients
Latent Heat Flux
- A liquid evaporates into an overlying gas, a process which requires energy and therefore removes heat from the liquid. This also occurs between the atmosphere and earth's surface. Directly proportional to evaporation (used interchangeably).
Thermohaline circulation
- overturning circulation, density of surface water in atlantic greater than other oceans due to high salinity, in northern winter, atmosphere extreacts huge amounts of heat from waters of north atlantic, water can become dense enough to sink to the bottom of the ocean, initiates the oceans' deep overturning circulation, after sinking this water slowly spreads throughout the global ocean and eventurally returns to the surface, thermos refers to fact driven by cooling of N atlantic surface waters, haline refers to face it is drien by waters high salinity
Cenozoic era
- the rise of mammals, divided into epochs (more fine grained division as we approach present)
Equatorial upwelling
- driven by Ekman drift, near equator, trade winds blow toward the west, Coriolis force acts in opposite directions in two hemispheres, so cold deeper water forced to surface
sea ice
- much more reflective of sunshine than seawater (has higher albedo), thus the presence of seas ice has a profound influence on how much of the sun's heat energy the earth absorbs, closely linked to temperature and exhibits a pronounced seasonal cycle in both hemispheres, covers largest area in late winter and smallest in summer
Greenhouse Gas
- a gas that absorbs significantly the terrestrial radiation emitted by the earth and its atmosphere
Precipitable water
- total amount of water vapor in the atmospheric column
Hadley cell
- atmospheric circulation cell, air is warmed and rises near equator, creates cloudiness and precipitation, diverges aloft and makes way to subtropics, sinks in subtropics and flows back to equation
CO2 fertilization
- causes terrestrial biosphere to absorb anthropogenic carbon, plants obtain CO2 for photosynthesis through stomata, also lose water through stomata so need to control size, when CO2 concentration increases stomata do not need to be as large, so plants can survive under drier conditions
Clausius-Clapeyron relation
- the relationship between the mixing ratio of water vapor at saturation and temperature
Coriolis force
- all objects moving in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right, and southern hemisphere to the left, curved trajectories of objects moving on the earth's surface
Relative humidity
- ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor that the air would hold if it were saturated
Intertropical Convergence Zone
- band of cloudiness associated with the rising branch of the Hadley cell in the deep tropics
Climate
- the statistics of weather, "what you expect"
climatologies
- long-term averages (Seasonal variation of surface air temperature, precipitable water, rising motion, and precipitation)
Inverse-Square Law
- The total flux of radiation transferred from one object to another varies according to the distance between the two objects, the total flux of energy transferred from one object to another aries according to the distance between two objects
Environmental Justice
- the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
Cretaceous period
- roughly 144-65 million years ago, dinosaurs were the dominant large animals and the climate was hot, CO2 levels were at least 4 times higher than currently, no ice, sea level higher, deep ocean temperatures warmer, major biomes were shifted 15 degrees poleward of present
Pleistocene epoch
- last 2 million years, produced ice ages
Mesozoic era
- subdivision of Cambrian era, when the dinosaurs roamed, ended with a bang 65 million years ago
Anthropocene
- a new geologic era, the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity is the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
Greenhouse Effect
- Terrestrial radiation is both absorbed and emitted in the atmosphere... MORE!
Ekman drift
- the mechanical response o the ocean to wind blowing across its surface, surface water dragged along with thte wind, due to Coriolis force it is deflected somewhat to the right in the northern hemisphere, surface water drags along the water immediately beneath it but at a slower speed, this layer deflected to the right uner the influence of the coriolic force, result is a spiraling pattern in the current direction w/ ever decreasing current speeds with depth, net transport of water is to the right of the wind 90 degrees, and v.v
weather
- evolution of atmosphere on short time scale (days to months)
Mid-latitude jet stream
- a strong eastward storm track(?) in both hemispheres at about 45-60 degrees due to Hadley cells
Area under curve of Planck function
- Total energy emitted by the object, proportional to the fourth power of the objects temperature. > known as Stefan-Boltzmann Law = the energy emitted increases very quickly as the objects temperature increases.
Cambrian explosion
- the sudden explosion of biodiversity and complexity, approx.. 580-545 million years ago much more complex life forms emerged including nearly all categories of animals Pre-cambrian era and Cambrian era - before and after
Salinity
- measured in parts per thousand, because of influence of precipitation, freshest waters located nearest the surface
Peak Wavelength
- Of Planck function, inversely proportional to the temperature of the object, the hotter the object the shorter the typical emission wavelengths
Net Solar Radiation
- at top of earth's atmosphere = incoming - reflected
Albedo
reflectivity of the Earth
momentum transfer
- important for surface circulation, takes place through frictional effects of winds on the ocean surface
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- radiation organized according to their wavelengths (small > large)
reforestation
- one process that causes the terrestrial biosphere to absorb anthropogenic carbon
Heat transfer
- driver of ocean circulation across air-sea interface, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, radiation
upwelling
- feature of surface ocean circulation, upwelling is the upward movement of water towards the surface, because of vertical temperature structure of the ocean, this water is almost always cold relative to the water it replaces
Peer-review process
- Other scientists evaluate and criticize work, leading to reisions and resubmission of improecd manuscript
Thermocline
- temp drops off very quickly around 100m
Section 2
(7 cards)