Section 1
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Mandate System
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Cards (422)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Mandate System
Following the defeat of Germany and Ottoman Turkey in World War I, their Asian and African possessions, which were judged not yet ready to govern themselves, were distributed among the victorious Allied powers under the authority of the League of Nations. They violated agreements made to Palestinians and Jews over the future of Palestine.
Firebombing
A bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area, through the use of fire, caused by incendiary devices, rather than from the blast effect of large bombs. It was used effectively in Dresden, Germany
Revolution of 1911
A nationalist democratic revolt that overthrew the Qing (or Manchu) dynasty in 1912 and created a republic. It ended more than 2000 years of Chinese imperial rule. The period of "The Republic" from 1912 to 1949, was weakened by a Communist revolt by Mao Zedong and the Japanese invasion.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Created in 1993, it is an international organization that provides the institutional and legal framework for the trading system that exists between member nations worldwide, responsible for liberalizing trade, operating a system of trade rules and providing a forum for trade negotiations between governments, and for settling trade disputes.
Trench Warfare
A type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches. It occurred when advancements in firepower were not matched by similar advances in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage. Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions, such as trench mouth and trench foot.
Ebola
I first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks in Africa. It spreads by close bodily contact and spreads in countries with poor healthcare systems in Africa.
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
M.A.N.I.A.
The causes of World War I: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassinations.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Also known as the Soviet Union, it was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics(Russia was just one), its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.
FIFA World Cup
Started just before World War II, this event became the most popular sporting event alongside the Olympics. It is an example of the rise of a global sports culture in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Balfour Declaration
Issued by the British government during WWI in an attempt to win Jewish support for the Allies. It expressed support for a Jewish national home in Palestine, but said that it shouldn't disturb those already living there. I encouraged even more Jews to migrate to Palestine, where violence flared between the Jewish and Muslim inhabitants.
International Monetary Fund
An international financial institution founded in 1946 whose purpose is to make short-term loans to governments on commercial terms in order to stabilize exchange rate and help countries pay their foreign loans back. Some criticize it for the restrictions it places on governments who accept the loans.
Armenian Genocide
A campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914-18). Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people and, thus, an act of genocide. The Turkish government has resisted calls to recognize it as such, contending that, although atrocities took place, there was no official policy of extermination implemented against the Armenian people as a group.
Antibiotics
First produced in 1928, these drugs fight bacterial infections in the body. They were first used in World War II. They are the most important class of drugs in Western medicine.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
Chiang Kai-shek
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. He later created the Republic of China, the government that rules over Taiwan.
HIV/AIDS
The virus spread from chimpanzees to humans sometime before 1931, most likely during "bush meat trading." By the 1980s, the disease hit epidemic proportions. Antiretroviral therapies made the drug treatable by the 1990. An estimated 78 million people have become infected with HIV and 35 million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses
Green Revolution
The worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation. Led to a radical population increase.
Al-Qaeda
A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.
Long March
The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. It is part of the mythology of the Chinese Communist Party.
War-Guilt Clause
Term of the Treaty of Versailles forcing Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI. It was something that Adolf Hitler later used as a way to spread Nazi ideology in Germany and Austria.
1918 Influenza Pandemic
Often called the Spanish Flu, deadly influenza pandemic which infected 500 million people across the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, and killed 50 to 100 million of them—3 to 5 percent of the world's population at the time—making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history. Affected mostly people aged 20-40 and was spread by troop movements during WWI.
Tanks
They were designed as an armored fighting vehicle designed to overcome the deadlock of trench warfare in World War I. They led to high wartime casualties during WW II.
Rwandan Genocide
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.
Treaty of Versailles
An agreement made by the leaders victorious allies Nations (1918-19): France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapay war damages($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.
Women's Suffrage
The granting of voting rights to women in the early twentieth century (1900s). World War I and its aftermath speeded up the enfranchisement of women in the countries of Europe and elsewhere. In the period 1914-39, women in 28 additional countries acquired either equal voting rights with men or the right to vote in national elections.
total war
A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
Bolshevik Revolution
The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.
Iraq War
A protracted military conflict in Iraq that began in 2003 with an attack by a coalition of forces led by the United States and that resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime. The US falsely accused Iraq of developing Weapons of Mass Destruction. US combat troops were withdrawn in 2010, but a civil war against ISIS continues.
Margaret Thatcher
Britain's first woman prime minister, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 who pledged to limit social welfare, restrict the power of labor unions, and to control inflation through a program which came to be known as "Thatcherism." She represents a leader in the movement towards more capitalist market-based reforms in the late twentieth century.
The Manhattan Project
A secret project started in 1942 which resulted in production of the first atomic weapon, ushering in the age of atomic warfare when the US drops A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki leading to surrender of Japan on August 14, 1945 and the end of WWII.
Bollywood
One of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed and the number of films produced. It is an example of a global culture due to its popularity throughout Asia and Africa.
Greenpeace
The most famous environmental group during that time. Created in 1970 by a small group of activists in Canada, concerned about the testing of a nuclear bomb off thEe coast of Alaska.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
In 1979, the Chinese government set up these places on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically.
Guernica
A Pablo Picasso painting of a Spanish town that was brutally bombed during the Spanish Civil War. It is a critical response to the militarism of the first half of the twentieth century.
Mao Zedong
He was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death in 1975, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and chairman of the party also until his death.
North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
An agreement that created an essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in hopes of encouraging economic growth in all three nations; after difficult negotiations, went into effect January 1, 1994.
Lenin
Founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head (1917-24) of the Soviet state. He built on the ideas of Karl Marx to form Marxism-Leninism, which became the Communist worldview in the twentieth century.
Polio vaccine
Developed in the early 1950s by American physician Jonas Salk. This vaccine contains killed virus and is given by injection. The large-scale use of IPV began in February 1954, when it was administered to American schoolchildren. It has saved millions of people worldwide.
Revival of the Olympics
The first celebration of the modern Olympic Games took place in its ancient birthplace of Athens in 1896. The revival reflected a growing interest in modern sports and sought to promote peace between competing nations prior to World War I.
Ataturk
A Turkish soldier, statesman, and reformer who was the founder and first president (1923-38) of the Republic of Turkey. He modernized the country's legal and educational systems and encouraged the adoption of a European way of life, with Turkish written in the Latin alphabet and with citizens adopting European-style names.
The Great Depression
A worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, financial policy, and economic theory. Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world.
Earth Day
A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970.
The New Deal
A series of economic programs and reforms started by Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1936. The goal was to give work to unemployed people and help business and the economy improve. It represents a greater role that Western democracies played in the economy as a result of the Great Depression.
Guomindang
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.
Sykes-Picot Agreement
A secret agreement made during World War I between Great Britain and France for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas. It resulted in many Middle East boundary lines which still exist as well as ethnic conflicts. It was similar to the Scramble for Africa in that territories divided up between European leaders drawing lines on maps.
Perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
Glasnost
Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.
Five-Year Plans
Method of planning economic growth over limited periods, through the use of quotas, used first in the Soviet Union and later in other socialist states. In the Soviet Union, the first Five-Year Plan (1928-32), implemented by Joseph Stalin, concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods. The second plan (1933-37) continued the objectives of the first.
Collapse of Soviet Union
By 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved replaced by 15 nation states which were no longer based on communism.
Section 2
(50 cards)
decolonization
The collapse of European colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
Kwame Nkrumah
Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana in 1957. He developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues
Joseph Stalin
Under his leadership, the Soviet Union defeated Hitler in Europe. He was Bolshevik revolutionary and head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.
Negritude Movement
The literary movement of Black French speakers, which was born out of the Paris intellectual environment of 1930s and 1940s. It is a product of black writers joining together through the French language to assert their cultural identity. An important aspect of the movement was the rejection of colonialism.
Origin of the Species
Charles Darwin's book in 1859 that describes how evolution occurs.
Holocaust
the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. This word was chosen because in the ultimate manifestation of the Nazi killing program—the extermination camps—the bodies of the victims were consumed whole in crematoria and open fires.
Economic Imperialism
This type of imperialism was inspired by the desire to control global trade and commerce. A good example of is the creation of spheres of influence in China after the Opium Wars.
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
Bessemer Steel Converter
The first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.
Adolf Hitler
Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.
Genocide
Systematic destruction of a political, religious, racial, or culture group. The main examples are the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust and the Rwandan Genocide.
Blitzkrieg
A German term for "lightning war," blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces(tanks and airpower) and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery.
The Great Leap Forward
In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine.
Shaka Zulu
Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887. It represents a direct resistance to British rule in South Africa.
Indian Revolt of 1857/Sepoy Mutiny (Either spelling)
Revolt of Indian and Muslim soldiers in India when the British replaced the standard musket with the Enfield rifle, with which soldiers were required to use their teeth to open ammunition cartridges that were greased with animal fat (often which was pig or cattle fat, against the religion of the soldiers). An example of colonial resistance to European imperialism.
Tiananmen Square incident
Also called June Fourth incident or 6/4, series of protests and demonstrations in China in 1989 calling for political, social, and economic reforms to the communist system. It culminated on the night of June 3-4 with a government crackdown on the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The use of nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II.
Mohandas Gandhi
(1869-1848) Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. As such, he came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest (satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress.
Augusto Pinochet
Military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. He implemented extreme free market reforms and repressed dissent and leftist movements. He left power in 1990 after losing the 1988 referendum to prolong his term in power. He died before being tried for human rights violations.
Mein Kampf
"My Struggle" Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923. The book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non Aryans.
Iron Curtain Speech
A speech given by Winston Churchill where he said that an 'iron curtain' has been set across East and West Europe, separating Western democracies from Eastern Communist countries. It is seen as the beginning of the official Cold War in 1945
Apartheid
A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.
Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
Palestinian Liberation Organziation (PLO)
A political organization claiming to represent the world's Palestinians—those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 1948. It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of various Palestinian groups that previously had operated as clandestine resistance movements. Since the 1990s it has represented Palestinians in peace negotiations.
Zionism
Founded by Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) it sought the creation of a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine. It was supported by the British Balfour Declaration during WWI but did not become a reality until 1948
Settlement Colonies
Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants
Captain James Cook
(1728-1779) Sailed to Newfoundland and the South Pacific (3 times). Voyages were to claim land for the British crown and to look for the great continent that should be past the Americas. Discovered Tahiti, Hawaii, Australia, and Samoa. Helped make the British Navy better by having his sailors eat limes, made extensive and accurate maps, and became the model ship captain.
Kulaks
Prosperous landowning peasants in czarist Russia. Joseph Stalin accused the kulaks of being class enemies of the poorer peasants. Stalin "liquidated the kulaks as a class" by executing them and expropriating their land to form collective farms.
Fascism
A form of authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before it spread to other European countries. Nazis were the most extreme fascists. Their ideas include strong nationalism, one-party rule, and racism. They viewed the communists as the main enemy.
United Nations
An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.
Berlin Conference
(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.
The White Australia Policy
Various historical policies that effectively barred people of non-European descent from immigrating to Australia. There was never any specific policy titled such, but the term was invented later to describe a collection of policies that were designed to exclude people from Asia (particularly China) and the Pacific Islands (particularly Melanesia).
John Maynard Keynes
English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946). His ideas helped form the New Deal.
The Nanking Massacre
An episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing (then spelled Nanking), then the capital of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre occurred over a period of six weeks starting on December 13, 1937, the day that the Japanese captured Nanjing.
Iranian Revolution
A popular uprising against the shah of Iran in 1978-79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on April 1, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. It was caused by high inflation and a sense the country was westernizing too fast.
Deng Xiaoping
1904-1997 The leader of China and the Communist party following Mao Zedong's death who implemented new policies that led China toward a mix of a socialist and market economy. Although his policies increased the living standards of many, he was known for brutality, like at Tiananmen Square.
Panama Canal
The United States built it to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
Anti-Apartheid Movement
The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organisation that was at the center of the international movement opposing South Africa's system of apartheid and supporting South Africa's non-whites during the 1960s and 1970s.
Scramble for Africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
A military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) of April 4, 1949, which sought to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II. The primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. Countries included USA, all Western European nations and Turkey.
United Nations Security Council
The Security Council is the United Nations' most powerful body. It has "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." Five powerful countries sit as "permanent members" with veto power along with ten other member states, elected for two-year terms.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
This refers to those oppressed castes and tribes listed in "schedules" of the Indian Constitution of 1949. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are entitled to a certain number of government jobs and educational opportunities. Nonetheless the caste system still oppresses lower members of society.
Benito Mussolini
An Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.
Containment
A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. The Vietnam and Korean wars were an example of this policy.
United Fruit Company
An American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas), grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe. Critics often accused it of exploiting Central American countries, influencing the internal politics of countries trying to control its own resources.
Nelson Mandela
(844) Leader of African National Congress. Early 1990 South African govt retreated from apartheid policies and legalized chief black party in the nation (ANC), which had been banned for decades and released this guy from prison. He became first black president of South Africa and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
Cuban Revolution
An armed revolt in 1959 conducted by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the right-wing authoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. It started a close relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Union. In response the US placed a trade and travel embargo (ending trade and travel) which hurt many Cubans.
Social Darwinism
A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)
Bank created in 1865 with one center in Hong Kong and one in Shanghai to meet the needs of European merchants who needed a local bank to finance the heavy transnational trade between China and Europe. Initially it is an example of a 19th century transnational business engaged in economic imperialism.
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Nineteenth Century Global Migrations
Between 1846 and 1940, some 55 million migrants moved from Europe to America. 65% went to the United States. Other major receiving countries were Argentina, Canada, Brazil and Uruguay. Also, 2.5 million Asians migrated to the Americas, most as indentured servant to the plantations of the Caribbean, but some also, notably Japanese, arrived in Brazil and the USA.
The Ghost Dance
A new religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems. According to the teachings of the Northern Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka (renamed Jack Wilson), proper practice of the dance would reunite the living with spirits of the dead and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to native peoples throughout the region.
Lei Aurea
The law that abolished slavery in Brazil in 1888. It was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery.
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
zemstvoes
Alexander II created these local political councils to replace the nobility after the serfs were emancipated. They set local policies such as road building and educating children but did not limit the tsar's autocratic power.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 - A policy set out by President James Monroe which declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe.
Romanticism
19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reasonIt was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general.
Black Ships
These were the ships on which Commodore Perry travelled. They were known as black ships as they were fuelled by coal, and this coal let up thick black smoke (which also blackened the sails). Many Japanese at the time thought these ships were dragons.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected.
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).
Emancipation of Serfs
1861 by Czar Alexander II - most ambitious attempt at reform in Russia during 1800s - some government officials began to think that Russia could develop economically only if serfdom were abolished.
Matthew C. Perry
He was the military leader who entered Edo Bay forcing the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty forced Japan to open its ports to American traders and whalers.
La Reforma
A movement by Benito Juárez that had major goals of redistribution of land, separation of church and state, and increased educational opportunities for the poor Mexican farmers. It ended with the rise of Porfirio Diaz a conservative dictator in 1876.
laissez-faire
The economic concept of the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790). In opposition to mercantilism, the government's role in the economy was to be limited.
natural selection
Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to later generations. It is the process by which species evolve over time.
Second Industrial Revolution
(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.
Mexican American War
an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 US annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. It resulted in the the dramatic increase in US territory and decrease in Mexican territory.
Benito Juarez
Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico. He is the first Mexican President of Indian ancestry.
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
Thomas Edison
This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.
Boxer Rebellion
In 1900, in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion (or the Boxer Uprising), a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.
Opium Wars
Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.
urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. Industrialization caused people to find jobs in cities.
invisible hand
A term used by Adam Smith to describe his belief that individuals seeking their economic self-interest actually benefit society more than they would if they tried to benefit society directly.
Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.
Spheres of Influence
An area of one country economically under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere. It is an indirect form of imperial rule.
Hong Xiuquan
Chinese religious leader who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth.
Holy Alliance
Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria during the nineteenth century in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
It was constructed in the 1870s in order to connect European Russia with the Pacific, completed by the end of the 1880s, brought Russia into a more active Asian role. It is an example of the Russian Tsars's attempt to modernize the Russian economy.
Tanzimat
This was a set of reforms to modernize and Westernize the declining Ottoman Empire. Government workers were encouraged to wear a more "western" style of dress. A European legal system based on the Napoleonic Codes were adopted. European style banks and post offices were created. The military abolished the devshirme system and adopted universal conscription (drafting).
Meiji Restoration
The state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort in the late 19th century that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.
anarchism
A set of diverse political philosophy centered on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary. Anarchist thought developed in the West and spread throughout the world, principally in the early 20th century.
Convention of Kanagawa
A treaty signed by Japan and the US in 1854. It was used by Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy to force the opening of the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade, and ended the Tokugawa shogunate's 200 year policy of seclusion (Sakoku).
Mexican Revolution
Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.
Florence Nightingale
Nightingale was put in charge of nursing British and allied soldiers in Turkey during the Crimean War. Her efforts to formalize nursing education led her to establish the first scientifically based nursing school—the Nightingale School of Nursing, at St. Thomas' Hospital in London (opened 1860).
Spanish American War
1898 War, "The Splendid Little War" that resulted in US gaining Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam from the Spanish. This 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism (Hearsts NY and Pulitzer's NYW) and the explosion of U.S.S. Maine.
The Chinese Exclusion Acts
In 1882, It was the first law in American history to exclude a group from America because of ethnic background. Act prohibited the immigration of Chinese to America. Working-class Americans who felt threatened by Chinese workers supported the law. It was particularly strong in California
Porfirio Diaz
A dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the country's land from poor peasants. His reforms created new wealth, but it was not distributed throughout the country; most of the profits went abroad or stayed in the hands of a very few wealthy Mexicans. This caused the Mexican Revolution of 1910.
Wealth of Nations
Literary piece of work authored by Adam Smith in 1776, which is considered one of the first written publications in the field of economics. This publication provides a detail account of the state of the political economy during the Industrial Revolution. One of the book's most important themes was its defense of free market policies.
Tropical Dependencies
Colonies with substantial indigenous populations that are ruled by small European political and military minorities with the assistance of colonized bureaucrats, soldiers, clerks, and servants. Most colonies in Africa, Asia and the South Pacific were this type.
Proletariat
The class of wage workers who were engaged in industrial production and whose chief source of income was derived from the sale of their labour power. According to Karl Mars, this is the class that would lead the communist revolution.
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
Caudillos
By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.
Utopian socialism
Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively.
Charles Darwin
English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. This posed a challenge to religious explanations for the origins of humans.
Coolies
Poor laborers from China and India who left their homelands to do hard manual and agricultural work in the Caribbean, South Africa and Pacific Island, in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Adam Smith
A liberal Scottish philosopher known primarily for a single work the Wealth of Nations (1776). This work promotes the idea that markets correct themselves and that governments should not control the capitalist economic system.
Diet
Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889. It was part of Meiji reforms. It could pass laws and approve budgets, able to advise government--but not to control it.
British Raj
The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.
Self-Strengthening Movement
China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. Following China's serious defeats in the First and Second Opium Wars, many sought to strengthen China against the West, by adopting Western military technology and armaments
Section 4
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Justinian Code
A codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire
Sunni Islam
A denomination of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad's first Caliph was his father-in-law Abu Bakr. Sunni Muslims constituted 87-90% of the world's Muslim population.
bourgeoisie
A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It's a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It's characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture.
Monopolies
Absolute control of supply, trade and production of a specific product or industry. (Standard Oil-Rockefeller, Railroads-Vanderbilt, Carnegie Steel-Carnegie, US steel- JP Morgan)
jihad
A term that is popularly understood to mean "holy war" but is preferably translated as "utmost struggle" and refers to a personal struggle to uphold the tenets of Islam.
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy.
hajj
The pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim of either sex must make at least once in his or her lifetime. It is the fifth of the five fundamental Muslim practices and institutions known as the Five Pillars of Islam. The pilgrimage rite begins on the 7th day of Dhū al-Ḥijjah (the last month of the Islamic year) and ends on the 12th day.
Muhammad
(570- 632 CE) Founder of the religion of Islam, accepted by Muslims throughout the world as the last of the prophets of God. He united Arabia into a single Muslim government and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran, formed the basis of Islamic religious belief.
Ka'ba
Small shrine located near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. Muslims orient themselves toward this shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj, in accord with the command set out in the Qurʾān.
caliphate
Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Dhimmi
Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists
Steam Engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.
Reign of Terror
Time between 1793 and 1794 when Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety ruled and executed anybody seen as a domestic threat (16,000 by guillotine) or counterrevolutionary.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Statement of fundamental political rights based on Englightment ideas adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Early British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."
Baron de Montesquieu
Author of Spirit of the Laws and Persian Letters. Geography and climate determine the form of government. Believed in separation of powers. He inspired the three branches of government in the US Constitution.
The Communist Manifesto
A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.
Hagia Sophia
Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.
Sufis
A mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life.
Declaration of Independence
A 1776 document stating that the 13 English colonies were a free and independent nation. The Declaration of Independence was written mostly by Thomas Jefferson and heavily influenced by British Enlightenment thinker, John Locke.
Shia Islam
A branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali as his successor (Caliph). It is the second-largest branch of Islam: in 2009, Shia Muslims constituted 10-13% of the world's Muslim population. Most Shi'ites live in present-day Iran (Persia).
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
gens de coleur
Free people of mixed European and African descent in Haiti. They held slaves but did not have the same rights as French citizens.They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.
Third Estate
97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges.
Haitian Revolution
The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).
electric telegraph
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores.
Shari'a
It is the body of Islamic law. The term means "way" or "path"; it is the legal framework within which the public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Islam.
Qur'an
Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.
American Revolution
The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which rebel colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.
Five Pillars of Faith
Belief of Islam: 1. There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give charity to the poor 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca
minaret
In Islamic religious architecture, it is the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. Such a tower is always connected with a mosque and has one or more balconies or open galleries. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad, the call to prayer was made from the highest roof in the vicinity of the mosque. The earliest ones were former Greek watchtowers and the towers of Christian churches.
Simon Bolivar
Known as the Liberator or Spanish El Libertador (1783- 1830) he was a Venezuelan soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America. He was president of Gran Colombia (1819-30) and dictator of Peru (1823-26).
petit blancs
This group of poor whites (artisans or free holding farmers) during the Haitian Revolution wanted to preserve discrimination by having an advantage over free people of color.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Limited Liability Corporation
A legal entity, such as a factory or other enterprise, developed in the second half of the nineteenth century whose owners were liable for only limited amounts of money owed to creditors in case of financial failure
Hundred Years' War
Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states.
feudalism
A decentralized political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
mosque
A Muslim place of worship. They came to be used for many public functions—military, political, social, and educational. Schools and libraries were often attached to medieval ones. It also functioned as a court of justice until the introduction of secular (non-religious) law into many Islamic countries in modern times.
The Industrial Revolution
It began in England circa 1750 when new power driven machines replaced hand tools. New methods and machines changed factory work and travel. Coal was used instead of wood. Steam engines powered boats and railroads. In the late 1700s it spread to Europe and the United States.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A military leader who turned on the Directory in a coup d'etat and made himself leader of France. Created large empire through military know-how. Brought revolution to an end, but preserved parts of it during his reign as emperor. Final defeat at Waterloo.
abolitionist movement
An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.
jizya
Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim governed territory.
First Estate
The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe.
Slave Trade Act
The act was an important marker event in the beginning of the abolition of slavery. It ended the slave trade in the British Empire, in particular the Atlantic slave trade, and also encouraged British action to press other European states to abolish their slave trades, but it did not abolish slavery itself. Many of the Bill's supporters thought the Act would lead to the death of slavery, but it was not until 26 years later that slavery itself was actually abolished
Byzantine Empire
(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.
hijrah
The migration or journey of the prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in June 622 CE. This event marks the First year of the Islamic Calendar
Umayyad Caliphate
First Islamic Empire, lasted 661-750 CE; conquered North India, North Africa, and Spain in 711, attempted to conquer Constantinople, but failed both attempts. The capital was Damascus, Syria. It was the largest Muslim empire in history.
Second Estate
The estate that was made up of rich nobles; owned 20 percent of the land in France and paid almost no taxes.
Section 5
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Anasazi
Important culture of what is now the southwest (700- 1100 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. Also, known as Pueblos cliff dwellers.
Berbers
An indigenous ethnic and language group that lived in North Africa before waves of Arab armies crossed the continent. They converted to Islam and were heavily involved in spreading Islam to Western Africa. Berber remains a minority language group in North Africa.
Tribute System
A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.
Cahokia
Largest and most important mound-builder settlement from this period; located near today's East St. Louis, Illinois; it appears that the people who built Cahokia were Mississippians who had moved there from somewhere east of it; had a social hierarchy from its inception
Khanate of the Golden Horde
The official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Kiev fell to the Mongols and then they controlled southern Russia for 200 years.
Empress Wu
(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler--the only woman empress in history--who supported Buddhist monasteries and monks. She tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion and had multistory statues of Buddha created.
Sassanid Empire
The name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian(Persian) empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years. The official religion was Zoroastrianism. Fought the Byzantines, which weakened both empires and allowed the Muslims to conquer the Middle East.
bakufu
Military leaders, who exercised more real power than the Japanes emperor. As a "behind the scenes" power, they controlled family-based feudal territories, dominated Japan from 1100-1850 until the Meiji Restoration reestablished the Emperor's authority. Also known as the shogunate form of government.
Yuan Dynasty
1271-1368 CE. Established when the Mongols conquered the Chinese Song Dynasty. Mongol reign short-lived, ending when the Mongols were driven from China in the 1300s.
Teotihuacan
A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450 CE.
Quechua
Inca language still spoken today by millions in South America.
khipus
System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. These knots are interesting because the Inca are notable for being a relatively sophisticated empire and civilization, but they had no written language (very unusual). Some have gone so far as to suggest that these knots were themselves a language, but this probably isn't true.
Delhli Sultanate
Founded by a Turkish slave general. Also known as the Mamaluk Dynasty, they were Turkish rulers in India that used Delhi as their capital. They conquered the Deccan and allowed Indians to retain their normal lifestyles. Fell after civil warring over the throne in 1388.
Genghis Khan
Born as Temüjin, he was the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. (1162-1227)
Uighurs
A group of Muslim, Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. They make up most of China's Muslim population today.
Moche
Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.
Koryo Dynasty
Korean dynasty that ruled from 935-1392, Replaced the Silla Dynasty in Korea capital was Songak metal type print led to mass productionn of books also produced celadon (pottery).
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
pogroms
Organized violence against the Jews, broke out in many parts of Russia, police and soldiers stood and watched as Russians looted and destroyed Jewish possessions.
serfdom
Under this system the serfs occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord of the manor who owned that land, and in return were entitled to protection, justice and the right to use certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence(survival). It is a coercive(forced form) of labor that has many similarities with slavery, but serfs cannot be bought or sold.
The Yucatan Peninsula
The large Peninsula in southern Mexico and norther Guatemala where the Mayan civilization emerged.
Tenochtitlan
The Aztec capital located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century, until captured by the Spanish in 1521. At its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas.
Vikings
From around A.D. 800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. These seafaring warriors--known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen ("Northmen")--began by raiding coastal sites, especially undefended monasteries, in the British Isles. Over the next three centuries, they would leave their mark as pirates, raiders, traders and settlers on much of Britain and the European continent, as well as parts of modern-day Russia, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.
Tale of Genji
One of the best works of early Japanese literature written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu in 1008 CE. Considered the world's first full-length novel. Tells the story of a prince and his quest for love.
Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600.
Equal-Field System
Official institution of land distribution and tax collection in traditional China and Japan. It provided for the assignment of agricultural lands to all adult peasants and thereby slowed the accumulation of lands by wealthy families. It worked on the basis that all land was owned by the government, which would then assign it to individual families. Every individual, including slaves, was entitled to a certain amount of land, the amount depending on their ability to supply labor.
mit'a
A mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor
Li Bo
(701-762) Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.
Pax Mongolica
"Mongol Peace" from mid-1200's through mid-1300's imposed stability and law and order across Eurasia. Guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of empire to other.
Slash and burn agriculture
Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. Over time it depleted the soil on the Yucatan Peninsula and helped lead to the collapse of the Maya in 900 CE.
manorialism
A system that described the economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
Tang Dynasty
The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period.
Holy Roman Empire
A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.
Aztecs
(1200-1521 CE) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
Mali Empire
A Muslim trading empire that flourished on the Upper Niger River in West Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. Trading cities, such as Timbuktu and Gao flourished under the gold and salt trade.
Shintoism
The indigenous religion of Japan consisting of the devotion to natural forces and veneration of the Emperor as a descendant of the sun goddess.
Quetzalcoatl
"Feathered Serpent" Mesoamerican creator god worshiped at Teotihuacan and by the Toltecs, his earthly representation was Topitzin, a young prince.
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Their empire was funded by taxing the gold and salt trade across the Sahara desert. In the tenth century (900s) CE, they converted to Islam.
kowtow
The ritual of prostrating and touching the forehead to the ground, demanded of all foreign ambassadors to the Chinese court as a symbol of submission.
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China in 1000 CE as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.) It increase food production in China.
Sinification
Think of "sinification" as the "Chinese-ification" of Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia. China was such a powerful neighbor; it was inevitable that nearby countries would adopt Confucianism, Mahayana Buddhism, Daoism and the Chinese imperial system.
Magna Carta
1215 document that listed the rights of English citizens and limited the power of the English monarch. Rights included trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law, and habeas corpus
Chinampas
"floating gardens" created by the Aztecs to adapt to their lack of farmland; artificial islands made of earth piled on reed mats that were anchored to the shallow lake bed; enough food could be grown on these islands to support a civilization.
ayllus
Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor; a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler.
The Andes Mountains
The Andes is the longest continental mountain range in the world. It runs north to south.
Ming Dynasty
Ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built. It was known for the exploration of the Indian Ocean under Zheng He and books printed using movable type.
neo-Confucianism
A term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang and Song Dynasty. It borrowed from Daoist or Buddhist ideas, but rejected both religions. It led to a reduction in the status of women
stelae
Large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers.
Incan Empire
1438-1533 CE. Centered in the Andes Mountains of Peru, controlled over 2,000 miles of the coastline of South American during 1400s. Had a professional army, a bureaucratic government organization, a unified language, and complex roads and tunnels. Their efficient farming practices supported large cities, and their religion was polytheistic and involved human and animal sacrifice. Known for their excellent architecture. Ruins exist to this day.
Maya
Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.
Section 6
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Zanzibar
An important trading Swahili city-state and trading center between 1100 and 1500; an island port in Tanzania in the Indian Ocean.
Imams
Descendants of Ali- Shi'ites believed they were the only true heirs of Islam
Shi'ism
The name "Shi'ism" is derived from the Arabic phrase "shi'at 'Ali," which literally means the partisans or party of 'Ali.
Swahili Coast
The Swahili Coast refers to a coastal area in Southeast Africa inhabited by the Swahili-speaking people. The city-states along this coast, such as Mogadishu and Zanzibar, were based on trade.
Devshirme
Required Christians of the era to contribute young boys to become slaves of the sultan
queue
A Manchu hairstyle with the top of the scalp is grown long and is often braided, while the front portion of the head is shaved.
Qizilbash
Best Safavid Calvary ("redheads" for their distinctive turbans)
Dar al-Islam
A term meaning 'house of Islam' in Arabic. The Dar al-Islam is the expanse of the Islamic world. In the centuries that followed the death of Muhammad, Dar al-Islam stretched from the Iberian Peninsula of Western Europe to the far islands of Southeast Asia.
Songhay Empire
A large Muslim state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Took the Ottoman Empire to its height- ruled from 1520 to 1566
Matteo RIcci
An Italian Jesuit missionary who introduced Christian teaching to the Chinese empire in the 16th century. He lived there for nearly 30 years and was a pioneer in the attempt at mutual comprehension between China and the West. By adopting the language and culture of the country, he gained entrance to the interior of China, which was normally closed to foreigners
Nanuk
(1469-1539) stressed meditation as a means of seeking enlightenment and drew upon both religions in his teachings.
Guru
(religious leader) (Nanuk) of a new religion called Sikhism
sati
The suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands funerals pyres, spread, even though Akbar and Shah Jahan outlawed it.
Venice
An Italian city-state along with Pisa and Genoa that controlled the Mediterranean trade after A.D. 1200, bringing silks and spices from Asia to Europe.
Swahili
A Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast.
Qing Dynasty
The last of the imperial dynasties of China, spanning the years 1644 to 1911/12. Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to triple its size under the preceding Ming dynasty (1368-1644), the population grew from some 150 million to 450 million, many of the non-Chinese minorities within the empire were Sinicized (became Chinese), and an integrated national economy was established.
Gunpowder Empires
The era after 1450- virtually all powerful states used guns effectively to subjugate enemies and build control
Boyars
Russian landholding aristocrats who possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.
Trans-Sahara Trade
Trade of goods, people and faith across North Africa's Sahara desert peaked from the 8th century Ce to the 1500s. Camels were the main mode of transportation. Gold, salt, animal hides, and slaves were among the main items transported out of Africa to points east and north. Muslim merchants imported camels into the region; they also brought along their faith in Islam, which spread rapidly in North and West Africa. 3 important West African trade centers along these trade routes were Djenne, Goa, and Timbuktu.
Army of the pure
The 10th guru vowed to avenge his fathers death, and he led an army of the pure to challenge the Mughal army and to assert Sikh beliefs aggressively.
Sikhism
One of the youngest amongst the major world religions, is a monotheistic religion that originated in South Asia (sub-continental India) during the 15th century. Founded by by the first guru Nanuk
Divine Faith
Akbar's mixture of Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrianism, Christian, and Sikh beliefs
Tsar
From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).
Taj Mahal
Burial sight of mumtaz mahal wife of Shah Jahan. A building made of white marble inlaid with precious stones
Mahmud of Ghazni
Established the first Muslim government in India between the years 997-1030. Unaccustomed to ruling a non-Muslim population, he destroyed various Hindu and Buddhist temples. His raids into India are often portrayed as being motivated by money.
Osman
Found the Ottoman Empire- He was a leader of a band of semi-nomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia in the 13th century. The empire lasted until 1922.
Shah Abbas I
Safavid empire reached peak under this ruler, ruled from 1588 to 1629
Vizier
The head of the imperial administration who took care of the day to day work of the empire
Twelver Shi'ism
Religion of Safavid empire-based on the legacy of the hidden imam
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.
Babur
A descendant of Timur and Ghengis Khan, who founded the Mughal Empire in 1526
Safavid Empire
One of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia (modern Iran) after the fall of the Sasanian Empire - following the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century A.D., and "is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history". 1502 - 1736
Ottoman Empire
An empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. from 1299 to 1923
griots
Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire. Without widespread language, griots preserved culture and history in West Africa.
Ismail
Who united a large are south of the Caspian Sea and west of the Ottoman Empire called Safavid Empire
Marco Polo
(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. His account helped inspire the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Romanov Dynasty
Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. The Romanov royal family was murdered by the communists in 1918.
Peter the Great
The Romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress (1682-1725). Peter implemented social modernization in an absolute manner by introducing French and western dress to his court and requiring courtiers, state officials, and the military to shave their beards and adopt modern clothing styles
The Forbidden City
The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace in Beiijing from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty—the years 1420 to 1912. It served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government for almost 500 years.
Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar's entirely new capital city.
Purdah
Seclusion of women who did not wander outside of their homes without being escorted
Mughal Empire
Founded in 1526 by Babur, a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from central Asia. The empire dominated India until the early 1700s, although it continued it continued to rule in name until 1858
Hidden Imam
12th descendant Imam that disappeared as a child in the 9th century
Ibn Battuta
(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.
Sundiata
A Mali ruler who built up an army and won back Mali's independence from a harsh ruler who conquered Mali. After conquering Ghana, he took over the salt and gold trades, and he worked to improve agriculture in Mali. Some of the crops were beans, onions, and rice; he introduced a new crop-cotton, which made clothing more comfortable in the warm climate.
Table of Ranks
Peter the Great instituted it to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up. When a non-noble reached the eighth rank, he became a noble. This allowed the tsar to control the nobles.
Janissaries
New military group
Black Death
The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century (1300s), carrying off vast numbers of persons. It travelled from China to Europe along the Silk Road.
Akbar
Ruled during the height of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605.
Section 7
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Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government in which the king or queen retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body often called a parliament.
Dharma
A Hindu/Buddhist concept that was a guide to living in this world and at the same time pursuing spiritual goals. According to dharma a person should accept and live within ones caste. Although the Buddhist notion of dharma is that one should seek to decrease suffering.
Samurai
Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Ottoman Empire
An empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Ottoman period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
Mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory. These two cultures mixted after the Spanish explorers came to the Americas.
indentured servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
indulgences
The selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Safavid Empire
The main rival of the Ottoman empire in the 1500s. They established Shi'a Islam as the official religion of Persia/Iran. They are known for trading and deep-pile carpets with intricate designs.
Johann Gutenberg
German printer who invented movable type printing in 1439. It facilitated the Protestant Reformation by spreading ideas quickly such as Luther's 95 Theses (complaints again the Church), it increased literacy (book no longer had to be handwritten and because they were cheaper, more people could afford to purchase them and learn to read them).
Divine right
Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god.
Mercantilism
Economic policy common to many European empires from the 1500s to 1700s. It demands a positive balance of trade (more exports than imports) and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism. Under this system, colonies produce raw materials and the mother country produces manufactured goods.
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that lasted from 1368 to 1644 and provided an interval of native Chinese rule between eras of Mongol and Manchu dominance. During the 15th century the government had organized large tribute-collecting flotillas commanded by Zheng He to extend China's influence.
Four Noble Truths
1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path
daimyos
The nobles of the Shogunate system of Feudal Japan, they reported into the Shogun and were part of the warrior class.
Absolute monarchy
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power.
The Enlightenment
A European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries(1600s to 1700s) connected to the Scientific Revolution, which led to revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition.
Floating World
The centers of the urban culture were entertainment and pleasure quarters where teahouses theaters, brothels, and public baths offered escape from social responsibilities and rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior in Tokugawa society.
Janissaries
Elite troops of the Ottomans, first uniformed soldiers who were young Balkan (Eastern European) boys converted to Islam, trained as soldiers with pure allegiance to the Sultan.
capitalism
An economic system characterized by private property, competitive markets, economic incentives, and limited government involvement in the production, distribution, and pricing of goods and services.
Manchus
Northeast Asian nomadic people who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
kabuki
A new form of theater in the Tokugawa Shogunate. It featured elaborate costumes and makeup and was most commonly about everyday life. It also featured music, dance, and mime. While created by women, only men acted in kabuki theater, playing both female and male roles.
Devshirme
Annual practice by which the Ottoman Empire sent military to abduct boys, sons of their Christian subjects, who were then converted to Islam with the primary objective of joining Janissaries
Judaism
Religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god. According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews.
Sikhism
Monotheistic religion founded in South Asia in the late 15th century by Guru Nanak as a reaction to perceived problems with the teachings of Islam and Hinduism. Men wear turbans, refrain from cutting their hair, and carry a sword and comb.
95 Theses
It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievement.
Zheng He
Chinese naval explorer during the Ming dynasty who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death; he is credited with cultural diffusion and with possibly exploring the Americas before Columbus; after his death the Ming destroyed his ships and isolated declaring that he had not found them anything that that justified the cost of more voyages (an example of ethnocentrism)
African Diaspora
The communities throughout the world that are descended from the historic movement of peoples from Africa, predominantly to the Americas. These communities brought many cultural and social practices to their new homes.
Chattel Slavery
Ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property. This is the type of slavery used in the New World plantations.
joint-stock companies
A forerunner of the modern corporation that was organized for undertakings usually in European colonies, requiring large amounts of capital(money). Money was raised by selling shares to investors, who became partners in the venture spreading risk to more people. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company are the most famous examples.
Nirvana
(in Buddhism) a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Buddhism.
Putting-out system
A system developed in the eighteenth century before the existence of factories in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry.
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.
Creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. They would lead the Latin American Revolutions in the early 1800s.
Nicholas Copernicus
(1473-1543) Polish astronomer who believed in heliocentrism, the idea that the Earth orbited the sun. His work was banned by the Church. His work is cited as the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.
Encomienda System
It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity. It was a disguised form of slavery of Native Americans.
The Renaissance
It refers especially to the rebirth of learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century, spread to the north, including England, by the sixteenth century, and ended in the north in the mid-seventeenth century (earlier in Italy). During this period, there was an enormous renewal of interest in and study of classical antiquity.
Karma
(in Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences.
Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Roman Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.
Caravel
A light sailing ship that was developed by the Portugese. They were fast and two or three mast with triangular sails. Allowed sailors to sail into the wind easier.
Monotheism
The belief in and worship of only one God. Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam are examples of this type of religion.
Columbian Exchange
Global transfer of goods, plants, and foodstuffs started by Columbus between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World. The New World brought corn and the potato to the Old World. The Old World brought the horse, cow, other crops, and disease to the New World. This began and increase in trade, industry, capitalism, population/food production, and European culture, but also slavery, disease, and economic problems for non-European regions.
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Atlantic Circuit
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa.
Mughal Empire
An empire in India that ruled from 1526-1858 CE. It was the first to unite almost the entire subcontinent. The early empire established a policy of religious tolerance where Hindus and Muslims could openly practice. Ended by 1700 when Muslims began to persecute Hindus. Established trade relations with Europeans (namely British and Portuguese). It slowly lost power to the British.
Cash Crops
A cash crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit. After the Columbian Exchange most cash crops were grown on plantations. As the plantation economy expanded, the slave trade grew to meet the growing demand for labor.
Moksha
The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.
Middle Passage
The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. It was one leg of the triangular trade route that took goods (such as knives, guns, ammunition, cotton cloth, tools, and brass dishes) from Europe to Africa. 10 million Africans made this journey.
Edict of Nantes
1598, decree(law) made in Nantes, France by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict gave rights to French Protestants.
Section 8
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Xiao
The attitude of obedience, devotion, and care toward one's parents and elder family members that is the basis of individual moral conduct and social harmony. It consists in putting the needs of parents and family elders over self, spouse, and children, deferring to parents' judgment, and observing toward them the prescribed behavioral proprieties.
Babylonian Empire
A group of people who conquered the Sumerians. They had a very famous king named Hammurabi. Hammurabi created nearly 300 laws known as Hammurabi's Code of Laws, the old known legal system based on the concept of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth".
Cuneiform
The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.
Civilizations
1) Generation of reliable surpluses, 2) Highly specialized occupations, 3) Clear social distinctions, 4) Growth of cities, 5) Complex, formal governments, 6) Long-distance trade, 7) Organized writing system
Cultural Diffusion
The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.
Ziggurats
A temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories
Fertile Crescent
The name given to the crescent-shaped area of fertile land stretching from the lower Nile Valley along the east Mediterranean coast and into Syria and present-day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 8000 B.C.
Pull factors
Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities.
Akkadian Empire
Began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.
Law of the Twelve Tables
The law of the twelve tables was the first set of laws in Rome created in 450 BCE. They were kept in the Forum, Rome's public meeting place.
Cyrus the Great
Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires., c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings.
Vedas
Composed in Sanskrit, these texts constitute the oldest layer of Indian literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.
Hammurabi's Code
Oldest written system of laws. They were created by King Hammurabi of Babylonia in the mid 1700s BCE and placed on stones tablets for all to see.
Phoenicians:
A maritime civilization of the Mediterranean that developed extensive trade and communication networks as well as an early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E).
Hellenistic culture
Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.
Push factors
Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.
Division of Labor
The characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs
Augustus Caesar
Who/What: Octavian- nephew of Julius Caesar; consul for life; clever politician and effective ruler; studied and codified Roman law and added to the code from the days of the republic; first roman emporer When: 31 BCE; 63 BCE-14CE Where: Rome Why: created a system that would last another 250 years; changed the military, economy, and government; created new civil service that managed empire with efficiency and honesty; reformed military; efforts rushed in the Pax Romana; founder of roman empire
Polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one god.
Diocletian
Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.
Monsoon Rains
Seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during the summertime that bring extreme rain and flooding
Greek "Classical Age"
Who/What: the Greek When: 500-300 BCE Where: throughout the Mediterranean world Why: was the overall achievement of the Greeks
Phonetic Alphabet
An alphabet created by the Phonecians in 1200 BCE that contains a different symbol for each individual sound in a language; in this alphabet there is a one to one relationship between sounds and symbols
Minoans
An ancient, seafaring culture that was centered around the island of Crete from 2000 to 4000 B.C. An extremely advanced and rich culture, they suddenly collapsed around 1200 B.C. when the Thera volcano violently erupted distroying their civilization.
Hebrew Bible
A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99) It is known as the Old Testament to Christians and the Torah for the Jews.
Julius Caesar:
100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful.
Mycenaeans
The 'Mycenaeans' invaded the declining Minoan civilisation in 1450BC. They established a stratified society, and a writing called 'Linear B'; an adaption of Linear A. They had trade with Anatolia, Egypt and Cyprus, and a Mycenaean culture on Greek mainland. Fall due to civil wars in 1100BC.
Pharaoh
A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.
Vishnu
a god, originally a minor Vedic god, now regarded by his worshipers as the supreme deity and savior, by others as the preserver of the cosmos. He is considered by Hindus to have had nine earthly incarnations or avatars, including Rama, Krishna, and the historical Buddha; the tenth avatar will herald the end of the world.
Shiva
This god's role is to destroy the universe in order to re-create it. Shiva is therefore seen as the source of both good and evil and is regarded as the one who combines many contrasting elements.
Aryans
Warrior people who arrived in the Indus River Valley from Asia around 1500 BC. They brought with them religious books called Vedas, and a strict caste system.
Epic of Gilgamesh
The world's oldest literary masterpiece, first composed in 2100 BCE. It centered about the King of Uruk. The book was made up of a series of adventures that focused around the themes of friendship, loyalty, ambition, and fear of death.
Catal Huyuk
One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions, one of the world's first cities, remains were found in 1958 in modern Turkey
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Two large cities of Indus valley that established consistent weights, measures, architectural styles and brick size.
Diaspora
Any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade.
Patriarchy
A form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe.
Demography
The scientific study of human populations.
Mesopotamia
"Land between the rivers" in southwest Asia sometime during the 4th millennium B.C.E. where the earliest civilization is generally believed to have developed
"Marker Events"
Turning points in history which have major long-term effects.
Agriculture
The art and science of producing food from the land and tending livestock for the purpose of human consumption.
Dynastic Cycles
Long periods of rule by a family punctuated by times of chaos when family lost power and was challenged by a new ruling dynasty characterized Chinese history until 20th century.
Periodization
The process or study of categorizing the past into separate, quantified named blocks of time in order to facilitate the study and analysis of history.
The Analects
Collection of moral and social teachings of Confucius, including the concept of the Five Relationships. It is believed to have been written during the Warring States period (475 BC-221 BC), and it achieved its final form during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD).
Peloponnesian War
War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great.
Pericles
Pericles was a general who dominated the political scene in Athens from 461-429 BCE. He became the leader of Athens who established three main goals for Athens; to strengthen Athenian democracy, to hold and strengthen the Athenian Empire, and to glorify Athens.
Satraps
Local governors set up in The Persian empire by Darius. They virtually had kingship powers in their provinces and they kept peace, collected taxes and provided troops when asked.
Cleopatra
Who/What: last queen of egypt and direct descendant of Alexander the Great's general Ptolemy; greek by descent, language, and culture; married Mark Anthony and had several children with him When: 69-30 BCE Where: egypt, rome Why: important to Ancient Rome because she made attempts to form alliances with powerful Romans (bore Julius Caesar's child); sided with Mark Anthony after death of Julius; ended up on wrong side of deal and committed suicide
Constantine
(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.
Alexander the Great
(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.
City-States
A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king
Section 9
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