Section 1
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Precision
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Cards (151)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Precision
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Accuracy
how close a measurement is to the true value
chemical change
A change in matter that produces one or more new substances
density
mass/volume
heterogeneous mixture
A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily
celsius
Metric unit for measuring temperature; On this scale water freezes at zero and boils at 100.
physical property
A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
Law
a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions
volume
The amount of space an object takes up
seconds (s)
SI unit of time
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Macroscopic domain
realm of everyday things that are large enough to sense directly by human sight and touch
uncertainty
an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value
mixture
a substance made by mixing other substances together. Can be separated by physical means.
Symbolic domain
specialized language used to represent components of the macroscopic and microscopic domains, such as chemical symbols, chemical formulas, chemical equations, graphs, drawings, and calculations
Hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
pure substance
A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties
cubic centimeters (cm3)
unit for measuring volume of a solid
solid
Definite shape and volume
mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
homogeneous mixture
A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture
kilogram (kg)
the basic SI unit of mass
Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
cubic meter (m^3)
SI unit of volume
Gas
A state of matter with no definite shape or volume
Kelvin(K)
SI unit for temperature
exact number
number derived by counting or by definition
Fahrenheit
A temperature scale with the freezing point of water 32 degrees and the boiling point of 212 degrees
weight
A measure of the force of gravity on an object
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
physical change
A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
dimensional analysis
a mathematical technique that allows you to use units to solve problems involving measurements
liquid
A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.
intensive property
a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
Theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
unit
A standard quantity in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.
milliliter(mL)
1000 in a liter, 1,000,000 in a kiloliter. About 5 drops of water.
atom
Smallest particle of an element
Microscopic domain
realm of things that are much too small to be sensed directly
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
extensive property
a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
significant figures
All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit
Chemistry
The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
SI units (International System of Units)
standards fixed by international agreement in the International System of Units (Le Système International d'Unités)
meter(m)
SI unit for length
Liter(L)
unit of volume
chemical property
A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into different substances
plasma
gaseous state of matter containing a large number of electrically charged atoms and/or molecules
Section 2
(50 cards)
angular momentum quantum number (l)
indicates the shape of the orbital
f orbital
multilobed region of space with high electron density; l=3
anion
A negatively charged atom or molceule
fundamental unit of charge
The smallest measured electric charge, which belongs to a single proton or electron, and is equal to 1.6x10^-19 C.
atomic number (Z)
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Isomers
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
nucleus
massive, positively charged center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons
wave
A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place
Law of Multiple Proportions
if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers
mass number (A)
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
Dalton's Atomic Theory
1) elements are composed of atoms. 2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements. 3) elements can mix together 4) atoms only change when mixed with other elements
atomic orbital
a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
law of definite proportions
a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass
hertz (Hz)
Unit of measurement for frequency
intensity
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude
structural formula
a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.
Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom
structural model in which an electron moves around the nucleus only in circular orbits, each with a specific allowed radius; the orbiting electron does not normally emit electromagnetic radiation, but does so when changing from one orbit to another.
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
endothermic
processes that increase the energy of an atom and involve the absorption of light
proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
alpha particle
A cluster of 2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity
molecular formula
A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
unified atomic mass unit (u)
alternative unit equivalent to the atomic mass unit
continuous spectrum
the emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic spectrum
All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
Law of Constant Composition
all samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements
electron density
gives the probability that an electron will be found in a particular region of an atom
electromagnetic radiation
a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
exothermic
processes that decrease the energy of an atom and involve the emission of light
d orbital
four lobed or contains dumbbell and torus shape; l=2
photon
A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy
spatial isomers
compounds in which the relative orientations of the atoms in space differ
Frequency (v)
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
structural isomers
Differ in arrangement of atoms, but same molecular formula
quantum numbers
specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals
unit conversion factor
ratio of equivalent quantities expressed with different units; used to convert from one unit to a different unit
empirical formula
a formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound
excited state
A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state
cation
A positively charged atom or molecule
wave-particle duality
the concept that all matter and energy exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties
quantization
the concept that energy can occur only in discrete units called quanta
line spectrum
a spectrum that contains radiation at only certain specific wavelengths
atomic mass unit (amu)
one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom
chemical symbol
A one or two letter representation of an element
ground state
The lowest energy state of an atom
electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
wavelength
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave
Section 3
(50 cards)
Oxyanion
a polyatomic ion composed of an element, usually a nonmetal, bonded to one or more oxygen atoms
metals
element that is malleable, ductile, a good conductor of electricity, and generally has a shiny or metallic luster
valence shell
outermost electron shell
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
p orbital
dumbbell-shape; l=1
representative element
an element in an "A"(also 1-2 & 12-18) group in the periodic table; as a group these elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. In their atoms, the s and p sublevels in the highest occupied energy level are partially filled
ionic compound
composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
monatomic ion
an ion formed from a single atom
Chalcogens
Group 6A
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
magnetic quantum number
symbolized by m, indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus
inner transition metals
elements that appear below the main body of the periodic table
effective nuclear charge
charge that leads to the Coulomb force exerted by the nucleus on an electron, calculated as the nuclear charge minus shielding
periodic table
A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties
covalent radius
one-half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms when they are joined by a covalent bond
series
(also, period) horizontal row of the period table
covalent compound
(molecular compound) a chemical compound formed by the sharing of electrons
main group elements
the p-block elements together with the s-block elements
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
metalloids
element that shares some properties with metals and some with nonmetals
molecular compound
a compound composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements
halogen
a nonmetal in Group 7A of the periodic table
periodic law
the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements
orbital diagram
a diagram that shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of the energy levels
group
A column on the periodic table
quantum mechanics
describes the motions of subatomic particles and atoms as waves
core electrons
The electrons in the inner shells of an atom; these electrons are not involved in forming bonds.
pnictogen
element in group 15 (5A)
degenerate orbitals
orbitals that have the same energy
Pauli Exclusion Principle
An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction
noble gas
an element in group 18 (8A) of the periodic table
period
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
Actinides
the 14 elements with atomic numbers from 90 to 103
Lanthanides
The 14 elements with atomic numbers from 58 to 71
alkali metals
Group 1, 1 electron in outer level, very reactive, soft, silver, shiny, low density; Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
alkaline earth metals
metallic elements in group 2 of the periodic table which are harder than the alkali metals and are also less reactive
Aufbau Principle
An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it
electron affinity
energy required to add an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion
Nonmetals
element that is usually a gas or brittle solid at room temperature and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity
inert gas
group 8A; (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms
s orbital
l=1 spherical shape
Isoelectronic
group of ions or atoms that have identical electron configurations
transition metals
elements that form a bridge between elements on the left and right sides of the periodic table (3-12)
electron configuration
the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom
valance electrons
the number of electrons in the outermost energy level
shell
set of orbitals with the same principal quantum number, n
ionization energy
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom
spin quantum number (m sub s)
either +1/2 or -1/2, indicating the spin orientation of an electron
Hund's Rule
states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals
subshell
the set of orbitals that have the same n and l values
Section 4
(1 card)