Section 1
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Inheritance
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Date created
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Cards (179)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth
cellular respiration
C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Ectoplasm
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
Exponential growth
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
photosynthesis equation(very important)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Mutualism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy
Pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Binomial nomenclature
Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
Logistic growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
Commonesalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Endoplasm
The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
sunlight
main source of energy
cell
Section 2
(50 cards)
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
Physical change
A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.
Molecules
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
Element
A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
Central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.
Unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Phospholipid
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
Reproduction
Producing more cells.
Antibiotic
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
REspiration
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Peptide bond
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
Absorption
The transport of dissolved substances into cells.
Model
An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
Microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in a cell's cytoskeleton.
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.
Chromoplasts
Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis.
Digestion
The breakdown of absorbed substances.
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
Chemical change
A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.
Homeostasis
Maintaining the status quo.
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Translation
uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
genes
segment of dna that codes for a specific trait
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
Genetics
The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
Active transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.
asexual reproduction
1 parent
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
replication
double the chromosomes
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
Theory of Use and Disuse
organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.
Haploid cell
A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
convergent evolution
analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.
Centromere
The region that joins two sister chromatids.
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
Interphase
The time interval between cellular reproduction.
carbon dating
used to tell the age of organic materials.
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
chromosomal mutations
changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse, the theory of acquired characteristics.
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.
Virus
A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
Diploid cell
A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
Transcription
process of forming a neucleic acid using a template
Genetic factors
The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.
Chromosome
DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
Meiosis
The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
Vaccine
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
Gametes
Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.
tRNA
transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.
Anticodon
A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.
Messenger RNA
The RNA that performs transcription.
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
Section 4
(29 cards)