Section 1
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sperm
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Cards (200)
Section 1
(50 cards)
sperm
shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
Translation
uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid
Pituitary
at the base of the brain; stimulates growth and controls functions of other glands
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
carbon dating
used to tell the age of organic materials.
convergent evolution
analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.
asexual reproduction
1 parent
embryo
an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.
chromosomal mutations
changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis
DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
testes
lower abdomen; androgen and testosterone; control maturation and male characteristics
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
semen
the ejaculated fluid containing sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland.
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Endocrine system
composed of glands that secrete different types of hormone that affect almost every cell, organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood.
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
replication
double the chromosomes
Recombinant DNA
A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
parathyroid
in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse, the theory of acquired characteristics.
pancreas
between the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels
tRNA
transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.
genes
segment of dna that codes for a specific trait
divergent evolution
splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.
thymus
in front of the heart; enables the body to produce certain antibodies
Transcription
process of forming a neucleic acid using a template
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
radiometric dating
a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.
egg cell
also called ovum; female gamete
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
ovaries
lower abdomen; estrogen and progesterone; influence female traits and support reproductive function.
convergence
is an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
adrenal
on top of the kidneys; prepares the body for action, controls the heart rate and breathing in times of emergency.
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
thyroid
below the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
Theory of Use and Disuse
organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.
Theory of Need
states that organisms change in response to their environment
fertilization
a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
Section 2
(50 cards)
heart structure
4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left)
blood components
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements
Red blood cells regulated
1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys
blood flow thru blood vessels
tissue perfusion
colon
The large intestine the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine
saliva
softens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth
hemoglobin function
*transports oxygen and carbon dioxide *carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs *transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
Platelet function in hemostasis
- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plug
plasma
Liquid portion of blood
eosinophils
*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? *What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?
heart valves
structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
Transcription
process of copying DNA sequence into RNA
monocytes
*A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time *An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
accessory pigments
energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll
function of the blood
Transportation materials to and from cells Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses
red blood cells
Carry oxygen Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
White blood count
*Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils *tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes
digestive system
*Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *Composed of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (colon), and anus, Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *The system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The digestive system includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.
blood type
*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O *A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.
basophils
*When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus? *A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
blood vessels
Veins Arteries
digestive process
*The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. *Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine
blood flow thru heart
Blood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body
systolic
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Contraction of the heart
lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
cardiac conduction
a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
metabolism
all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.
cardiac cycle
A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next
heart layers
Endocardium ( inner), myocardium ( middle), and epicardium ( outer)
Translation
process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein
diastolic
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
chyme
mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food
White Blood Count
What is a marker for an infectious disease? Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection
blood pressure
Reflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.
small intestine structure
The thinner of the two intestine but is much longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it can absorb nutrients into the blood - The small intestine has three main structures— the lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme
antigens
*Foreign material that invades the body *Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response *What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
antigens in blood
Def A,B in blood macromolecules are foriegn to host organism and trigger an immune response
blood cells made
blood cells and bone marrow
RBC
red blood cell Erythrocytes 4.5-5 million
pericardium
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
pancreas function
regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins
motility
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called The ability of an organism to move by itself
GI tract
stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum *Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal *mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter
pancreas secretion
Secretes pancreatic juice to break down carbs, fats, and proteins Secrete pancreatic juices into the cavity and insulin, and glucagon into blood to regulate blood sugar Secretin - It is secreted from intestinal cells when acidic food from stomach enters small intestine. Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonates and water from pancreas.
Platelet function
They play a key role in retention of blood loss by forming a * plug at the site of tears when connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls. *Blood clotting - Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plu
gastric juices
Secretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein.
heart function
*pumps blood throughout the body *Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta
neutrophils
Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC
antibodies in blood
Passive immunity= When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?
antibodies
An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response. Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
Section 3
(50 cards)
epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
CONTROL VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED
EPIDEMIC
WIDESPREAD OUTBREAK OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE WITHIN A COUNTRY
lower respiratory
consists of the bronchial tree and lungs
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS
schwann cells
Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.
breathing phases
inspiration and expiration
breathing process
+The diaphragm muscle drops and creates a vacuum; Air rushes into the lungs; The diaphragm muscle contracts and pushes the air out *inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs *Oxygen goes to the lungs , has a close contact to blood absorbs it and carries it to all body parts. Blood gives up CO2 which is from lungs to air breathed out *- active process that allows the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, allowing lungs to expand (diaphragm goes down *Pharynx > Larynx (voice box) > Trachea (windpipe) > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli
graded potential
shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.
carbon dioxide transported in blood
*Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondri *diffuses into blood, then to the capillaries, then to the alveoli in the lungs, and exhaled into the atmosphere *diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveol Process that moves CO2 from tissues to lungs in 3 forms: bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin; as carbaminohemoglobin & as dissolved CO2
cerebelleum
motor control refines skeletal muscle contractions, role in cognition, language, problem solving, activity occurs subconsciously, composed like cerebrum, grey matter white matter (arbor vitae) grey islands.
ANTIBODY
PRODUCED BY WBC WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS A PARTICULAR PATHOGEN
trachea
Allows air to pass to and from lungs Air passageway; has cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as air rushes in; branches into right/left bronchus The respiratory process begins when air is inhaled through the nose and into the what?
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
influenza - flu, colds, Measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDS
brain
The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system
cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body Largest part of the brain Largest part of the brain; coordinates thought, reasoning, movement, and memory, includes the cerebral cortex and the white matter beneath it.
lung
Main organs of the respiratory system An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood
Central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord A subdivision of the human nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Transmits & receives messages to & from the PNS
myelinated
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are glia cells that wrap around the axon insulating it. conduct AP more rapidly bc less current lost to extracellular environment
cerebrum structure
consisting of 2 hemispheres and olfactory lobes thought and intelligence and memory
larnyx
upper part of the trachea contains vocal chords - 3 bands of tissue stretched across the opening of trachea
bronchi
The passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.
PANDEMIC
A DISEASE THAT IS SPREAD RAPIDLY ACROSS MANY COUNTRIES
breathing process
*Respiration is the chemical process in which cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to obtain energy, Air is breathed in and diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide is breathed out *Breathing is controlled by muscles. *[H+] and [CO2] are too high, medulla oblongata is stimulated > sends impulse to diaphragm and intercostal muscles > diaphragm contracts > ribs move up and out > diaphragm moves down > air rushes in > vice versa for exhalation • controlled by medula oblongata *inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs
upper respiratory
consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
neuron cells
role of this type of cell is already determined and is not dictated by neighboring cells. communicate w/ send signals to other neurons and muscles in the body What is the nervous system composed of?
VIRUSES
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL
neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
VACCINES
ARE SMALL AMOUNTS OF DEAD / WEAKENED PATHOGENS
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
food poisoning, Cholera, typhoid, whooping cough, gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted disease
BACTERIA
Bacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS
PATHOGEN
MICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES ILLNESS OR DISEASE
oxegen transported in blood
pleural cavity
*The space between the two moist membranes that separate the lungs from the thorax (chest cavity). Filled with lubricating fluid. *airtight space between fold of the pleural membranes; contains watery lubricating fluid that prevents friction between the membranes when they rub together during respiration
respiratory system
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
SYMPTOMS OF AN INFECTION
PAIN, FEVER, RASH, NAUSEA, HEADACHE, COUGHING
action potential
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. Fast, moving change across a neurons membrane, also called an impulse. the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted
respiratory tract
The passageway that makes breathing possible. series of branching tubes that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone for gas exchange
Central Nervous system protected
Brain and spinal cord
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS
Nervous system
Brain, nerve cells, spinal cord *the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. *The bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
White blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens. They can produce antibodies to destroy pathogens
MMR
MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA
brain stem
Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain. the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord.
bile function
digest fat; excrete waste
Peripheral nervous system PNS
peripheral nervous system *sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body *All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord, that relay information between the CNS and other parts of body
alveoli
(singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system. Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus A portion of the embryonic forebrain that becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland.
ANOMALY
SOMETHING THAT DEVIATES FROM NORMAL OR EXPECTED
WHAT ARE BODY'S DEFENCE MECHANISMS?
SKIN, STOMACH ACID, EYELASHES, TEARS, COUGH
Section 4
(50 cards)