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Section 1

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Behavior Settings

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Programming

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (45)

Section 1

(45 cards)

Behavior Settings

Front

A place with defined boundaries in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time; the place may also contain objects that support the behavior. Example- a weekly meeting in a conference room. The meeting follows certain procedures, occurs in the same place, and the contents of the room are arranged to assist the activity. Useful for studying and understanding the effects of the environment on human activity. Connects the behavioral aspects of of human activity with the effects of the physical environment on people.

Back

Programming Concept - 18. Tolerance

Front

This concept may add space to the program. Is a particular space tailored precisely for a static activity, or is it provided with a loose fit for a dynamic activity-one likely to change?

Back

Programming Report

Front

In addition to stating the goals and objectives of the client, a programming report typically contains: - site analysis - aesthetic considerations - space needs - adjacency requirement - organizing concepts - outdoor space needs - codes - budgeting demands - scheduling limitations - conceptual development of structural systems If existing buildings are involved: - evaluation of structures for renovation or reuse

Back

Five Steps of Programming - State the Problem

Front

Step 5: This is the handoff package from programmer to designer. This includes the most salient statements regarding the problem, the kind of statements that will shape the building. They will serve as a premise for design, and later as design criteria to evaluate the design solution. Minimum of four statements concerning the four major considerations (function, form, economy, time). Typically cover functional program, the site, the budget, and the implications of time. Rarely should be more than 10 statements. Good practice to acknowledge a significant and specific condition and establish a general direction for design. Each condition should be precisely stated, but the direction (what should be done) should be ambiguous enough to prevent feeling locked into one solution. Direction should be make in terms of performance.

Back

Programming Concept - 13. Separated Flow

Front

A goal for segregation may relate to people (such as prisoners and the public), to automobiles (such as campus traffic and urban traffic), and to people and automobiles (such as pedestrian traffic and automobile traffic). Example: Separate traffic lanes with barriers, such as walls, separate floors, and space.

Back

Programming Concept - 5. Service Grouping

Front

Should services be centralized or decentralized? Evaluate gains and risks to simulate client decisions. Each service will be centralized or decentralized to implement a specific goal. Example: Should the heating system be centralized or decentralize? The library? Dining? Storage? Etc.

Back

Programming Considerations - Form

Front

Physical and psychological environment, quality of space and construction. What you see and feel. What's there now, what will be there. 4. Site 5. Environment 6. Quality

Back

Five Steps of Programming - Uncover and Test Concepts

Front

Step 3: This step is about developing programmatic concepts, NOT design concepts. Programmatic concepts refer to abstract ideas intended mainly as functional solutions to clients' performance problems without regard to the physical response. Design concepts refer to concrete ideas intended as physical solutions to clients' architectural problems. Example: 'convertibility' is a programmatic concept, a folding door is the corresponding design concept.

Back

Five Steps of Programming - Determine Needs

Front

Step 4: Distinguish needs from wants. This step is an economic feasibility test to see if a budget can be determined or a fixed budget balanced. Best achieved when the four elements of cost are to some extent negotiable. At least one must be negotiable: 1. The space requirements 2. The quality of construction 3. The money budget 4. Time Must include: - A reasonable building efficiency as expressed by the relationship of net areas to gross areas. - The proposed quality of construction is expressed in quantitative terms as cost per SF. - A realistic escalation factor included to cover the time lag between programming and mid-construction.

Back

Five Steps of Programming - Establish Goals

Front

Step 1: Project goals indicate what the client wants to achieve, and why. Goals must be tested for integrity, for usefulness, and for relevance to design problem. Necessary to understand the practical relationship between goals and concepts. Goals: what the client wants to achieve; concepts: how the client wants to achieve them. Goals are ends, concepts are means. Must test goals and concepts for relevance to design problem, and not to a social or some other related problem that cannot be solved architecturally. This includes testing goals and concepts for design implications that might qualify them as part of a design problem.

Back

Programming Concept - 1. Priority

Front

Evokes questions regarding the order of importance, such as relative position, size, and social value. Reflects how to accomplish a goal based on a ranking of values. Example: Placing a higher value on pedestrian traffic than on vehicular traffic, related to the precedence in traffic flow.

Back

Programming Concept - 19. Safety

Front

Which major ideas will implement the goal for life safety. Look to codes and safety precautions for form-giving ideas.

Back

Programming Concept- 2. Hierarchy

Front

Related to a goal about the exercise of authority and is expressed in symbols of authority. Example: The goal 'to maintain the traditional hierarchy of military rank' implemented by hierarchy of office sizes

Back

Personalization

Front

The desire to arrange the environment to reflect one's presence. Successful designs allow this to take place without major adverse effects on other people or on the environment as a whole. This can be through bringing personal objects or modifying the environment, by changing behavior, changing the environment itself (leaving) or through minor adjustments such as moving a chair.

Back

Phases of Programming

Front

Schematic Program - Major concepts and needs; programmer must filter out or postpone information that is not needed in this phase Program Development - Specific room details: furniture and equipment requirements, environmental criteria (atmospheric, visual, acoustic), and service requirements (mechanical and electrical)

Back

Programming Concept - 11. Neighbors

Front

Is there a goal for sociability? Will the project be completely independent, or is there a mutual desire to be interdependent, to cooperate with neighbors?

Back

Five Steps of Programming

Front

1. Establish goals: What does the client want to achieve, and why? 2. Collect and analyze facts: What do we know? What is given? 3. Uncover and test concepts: How does the client want to achieve the goals? 4. Determine needs: How much money and space? What level of quality? 5. State the problem: What are the significant conditions affecting the design of the building? What are the general directions the design should take? Steps 1-3 are primarily search for information, 4 is a feasibility test, 5 distills what has been found. Steps may be taken out of order or all at the same time, except last step. These interact with the four major considerations, function, form, economy, and time.

Back

"Problem Seeking" Definition

Front

"If programming is problem seeking, then design is problem solving." Programming = Analysis Design = Synthesis Distinct separation between the two is good. The result of programming is the 'problem statement', which is used as a basis for design.

Back

Building Analysis/Programming Activies

Front

Could include: - evaluating existing structures - evaluating historic structures - determining functional requirements - creating a program - creating a budget - creating a schedule

Back

Programming Concept - 20. Security Controls

Front

The degree of security control varies depending on the value of potential losee--minimum, medium, or maximum. These controls are used to protect property and to guide personnel movement.

Back

Programming Concept - 6. Activity Grouping

Front

Should activities be integrated or compartmentalized? A family of closely related activities would indicate integration to promote interaction, while the need for some some kinds and degrees of privacy or security would indicate compartmentalization.

Back

Five Steps of Programming - Collect and Analyze Facts

Front

Step 2: Facts are used to describe the existing conditions of the site, including physical, legal, climatic, and aesthetic aspects. Also statistical projections, economic data, and descriptions of the user characteristics. Facts must be filtered/massaged/collected based on relevance to the goals and concepts/usefulness of information. Process them to determine architectural implications. Must avoid bias, preconceptions, be realistic, neither optimistic or pessimistic in fact collection. Must tell the difference between established fact and mere opinion.

Back

Problem Statement

Front

The interface between programming and design. The last step of the five step programming process. Last step of programming, first step of design.

Back

Programming Concept - 17. Flexibility

Front

Quite often misunderstood. To some, it means the building can accommodate growth through expansion. To others, it means that the building can allow for changes in function through the conversion of spaces. To still others, it means that the building provides the most for the money through multifunctional spaces. Actually, 'flexibility' covers all three: expansibility (exterior changes), convertibility (interior changes), and versatility (multifunction)

Back

Four Major Considerations of Programming

Front

1. Function: What's going to happen in the building? Concerns activities, relationship of spaces, people (number and characteristics) 2. Form: Physical and psychological environment, quality of space and construction. What you see and feel. What's there now, what will be there. 3. Economy: Concerns the initial budget and quality of construction, may also consider operating and life-cycle costs. 4. Time: Influences of history, the inevitability of changes from the present, and projections into the future. These interact with the five step process of programming. The problem must be identified in terms of these considerations.

Back

Territoriality

Front

Fundamental aspect of human behavior. The need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own.

Back

Programming Considerations - Economy

Front

Concerns the initial budget and quality of construction, may also consider operating and life-cycle costs. 7. Initial Budget 8. Operating Costs 9. Life-Cycle Costs

Back

Programming Concept - 4. Density

Front

A goal for efficient land or space use, a goal for high degrees of interaction, or a goal to respond to harsh climatic conditions may lead to the appropriate degree of density--low, medium, or high.

Back

Cost Estimate Analysis

Front

Budget depends on three realistic predictions: 1. A reasonable efficiency ratio of net to gross area 2. Cost per square foot escalated to midconstruction 3. Other expenditures as percentages of building cost Early budgets will be based on gross numbers, cost per SF, cost per measure (ie car, student, patient beds, rooms, seats, prisoners, etc)

Back

Programming Concept - 8. Home Base

Front

Relates to the idea of territoriality, an easily defined place where a person can maintain his or her individuality. Concept applies to a wide range of functional settings, including a high school, manufacturing plant, and offices. Officing concepts can be described as on-premise and off-premise work.

Back

Programming Concept - 23. Phasing

Front

Will phasing of construction be required to complete the project on a time-and-cost schedule if the project proved infeasible in the initial analysis? Will the urgency for the occupancy date determine the need for concurrent scheduling, or allow for linear scheduling?

Back

Programming Concept - 22. Environmental Controls

Front

What controls for air temperature, light, and sound will be required to provide comfort for people inside and outside the building? Look to the climate and sun angle analysis for answers.

Back

Programming Concept - 3. Character

Front

Based on a goal concerning the image the client wants to project in terms of values and the generic nature of the project.

Back

Programming Considerations - Function

Front

What's going to happen in the building? Activities, relationship of spaces, people--number and characteristics? 1. People 2. Activities 3. Relationships

Back

Programming Consideration - Time

Front

Influences of history, the inevitability of changes from the present, and projections into the future. 10. Past 11. Present 12. Future

Back

Programming Concept - 14. Mixed Flow

Front

Common social spaces, such as town squares or building lobbies, are designed for multidirectional, multipurpose traffic--or mixed flow. This concept may be apropos if the goal is to promote chance and planned encounters.

Back

Programming Concept - 10. Communications

Front

A goal to promote the effective exchange of information or ideas in an organization may call for networks or patterns of communications: Who communicates with whom? How? How often?

Back

Programming Concept - 24. Cost Control

Front

This concept is intended as a search for economy ideas that will lead to a realistic preview of costs and a balanced budget to meet the extent of available funds.

Back

Programming Concept - 21. Energy Conservation

Front

There are two general ways to lead to energy-efficient buildings: 1. Keep heated area to a minimum by making use of conditioned, but nonheated, outside space, such as exterior corridors. 2. Keep heat flow to a minimum with insulation, correct orientation to sun and wind, compactness, sun controls, wind controls, and reflective surfaces.

Back

Programming Concept - 7. People Grouping

Front

Look for concepts derived from the physical, social, and emotional characteristics of people--as individuals, in small groups, and in large groups. If a client wants to preserve identity of individuals while in a large mass of people, ask what size grouping would implement this goal. Look to the functional organization, not the organizational chart, which merely indicates pecking order.

Back

Programming Concept - 16. Orientation

Front

Provide bearing--a point of reference within a building, a campus, or a city. Relating periodically to a space, thing, or structure can prevent a feeling of being lost.

Back

Programming Concept - 12. Accessibility

Front

Can first-time visitors find where to enter the project? The concept of accessibility also applies to provisions for the handicapped, beyond signs and symbols. Do we need single or multiple entrances?

Back

Programming Concept - 15. Sequential Flow

Front

The progression of people (as in a museum) and things (as in a factory) must be carefully planned. A flowchart diagram will communicate this concept of sequential flow much easier than words will.

Back

Proxemics

Front

From Edward T. Hall- "The interrelated observations and theories of man's use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture." Deals with the issues of spacing between people, territoriality, organization of space, and positioning of people within a space, as related to the culture of which they are a part

Back

Programming Concept - 9. Relationships

Front

The correct interrelation of spaces promotes efficiencies and effectiveness of people and their activities. This concept of 'functional affinities' is the most common programmatic concept.

Back