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AP Environmental Science: Chemistry

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Section 1

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half-life

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Chemistry Science

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Last updated

6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (50)

Section 1

(50 cards)

half-life

Front

the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay

Back

Inorganic Molecules

Front

-can contain Carbon and Hydrogen just NOT together

Back

mass

Front

a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains

Back

first law of thermodynamics

Front

-a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Back

isotopes

Front

atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

Back

chemical energy

Front

-potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds -can be released by ingesting food

Back

periodic table

Front

a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties

Back

compounds

Front

a molecule containing more than one element

Back

electromagnetic radiation

Front

-transfers energy in protons -measured in wavelengths

Back

temperature

Front

-the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

Back

Conservation of Matter

Front

-matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another

Back

mass number

Front

a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

Back

Capillary Action

Front

-cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube

Back

entropy

Front

-disorder/randomness in a system

Back

Adhesion

Front

-the property of water molecules that makes them stick to other surfaces

Back

hydrogen bond

Front

-when electrons are not shared equally in a compound that contains Hydrogen -can attract anything negatively charged

Back

Bases

Front

-bases add hydroxide ions (high hydroxide ion (OH-), low hydrogen ion (H+)) pH above 7

Back

Cohesion

Front

-the property of water molecules that makes them stick to other water molecules

Back

Excellent Solvent

Front

-polar molecule can dissolve other compounds with charges

Back

matter

Front

-anything that occupies space and has mass made of atoms -after a chemical reaction, the original atoms remain

Back

kinetic energy

Front

the energy of motion

Back

covalent bond

Front

the bond formed when elements share electrons

Back

Acids

Front

-acids add hydrogen ions (high hydrogen ion (H+), low hydroxide ion (OH-) content) pH below 7

Back

Joule

Front

the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second

Back

energy

Front

-the ability to do work or transfer heat -measured in joules (J) -electromagnetic radiation -high or low quality

Back

Properties of Water

Front

-surface tension -capillary action -high specific heat -less dense when frozen -excellent solvent -can form acids and bases

Back

atom

Front

the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element

Back

outputs

Front

-a loss from a system

Back

Energy Efficiency

Front

-waste energy is lost at each conversion -more energy = more efficiency

Back

Potential Energy

Front

-stored energy -chemical energy

Back

potential energy

Front

stored energy that has not been released

Back

molecules

Front

a particle that contains more than one atom

Back

inputs

Front

-an addition to a system

Back

second law of thermodynamics

Front

-the law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished

Back

steady state

Front

-input = output -amount of energy is not increasing

Back

Power

Front

-rate at which work is done -energy= power x time -kilowatts (kW)

Back

radioactive decay

Front

-protons and neutrons ejected from nucleus (parent) -release energy (can damage DNA) -creates new element (daughter) -release large amounts of energy -measured in half-life -carbon dating

Back

Surface Tension

Front

-cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer

Back

High Specific Heat

Front

-requires a large amount of heat to boil and vaporize water

Back

element

Front

-a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components -made of only one type of atom

Back

Macromolecules

Front

-carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Back

feedback

Front

-adjustment to input or output caused by change

Back

Kinetic Energy

Front

-energy of motion

Back

energy efficiency

Front

-the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system

Back

Less dense when frozen

Front

-polarity pushes water molecules apart at 39F and 4C

Back

Organic Molecules

Front

-contain carbon and hydrogen -carbohydrates (CHO) -lipids (CHO with little O; fats, waxes, oils) -proteins (CHONS,amino acids) -nucleic acids (CHONP, DNA and RNA)

Back

energy quality

Front

-the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

Back

atomic number

Front

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom

Back

polar molecule

Front

-a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative -shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom than near the hydrogen atom

Back

ionic bond

Front

a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions

Back