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AP Biology - Chapter 18

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Section 1

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operon

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Biology Science

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (43)

Section 1

(43 cards)

operon

Front

a unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway

Back

transcription initiation complex

Front

The part of a gene's promoter where synthesis of the gene's RNA transcript begins.

Back

general transcription factors

Front

one of a set of eukaryotic proteins that are typically required for the synthesis of mRNA

Back

genomic imprinting

Front

a phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent

Back

morphogenesis

Front

the development of body shape and organization

Back

operator

Front

in bacterial DNA, a sequence of nucelotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach; binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon

Back

proteasome

Front

a giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin

Back

repressor

Front

a protein that inhibits gene transcription. in prokaryotes, they bind to the DNA in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, they may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA

Back

regulatory gene

Front

a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes

Back

dna methylation

Front

the addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.

Back

cell differentiation

Front

the structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; depends on the control of gene expression

Back

cytoplasmic determinant

Front

A maternal substance, such as a protein or RNA, that when placed into an egg influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.

Back

epigenetic inheritance

Front

inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome

Back

repressible enzymes

Front

generally function in anabolic pathways; synthesize essential end products from raw materials (precursors, enzymes)

Back

regulation of a metabolic pathway

Front

in the pathway for tryptophan synthesis, an abundance of tryptophan can both A. inhibit the activity of the first enztme in the path way (feedback inhibition), rapid response, and B. repress expression of the genes encoding all subunits of the enzymes in the pathway, a longer-term response

Back

homeotic gene

Front

any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells

Back

cyclic amp (cAMP)

Front

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. it is also a regulator of some bacterial operons

Back

specific transcription factors

Front

proteins that bind to control elements associated with a particular gene and, once bound, either increase or decrease transcription of that gene

Back

activator

Front

a protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. in prokaryotes, activators bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, activators bind to control elements in enhancers

Back

alternative RNA splicing

Front

a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as intron

Back

enhancer

Front

a segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates

Back

inducible enzymes

Front

synthesis is induced by chemical signal (ex. allolactose); an enzyme whose transcription can be stimulated by an abundance of its substrate (as opposed to repressible enzyme); usually in catabolism.

Back

induction

Front

the process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually by causing changes in gene expression

Back

lactose present, repressor inactive, operon on

Front

Back

histone

Front

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

Back

histone acetylation

Front

the attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins; usually makes the gene more accessible for transcription

Back

mediator proteins

Front

proteins that mediate the interaction between regulatory proteins and the transcription factors

Back

distal control elements

Front

enhancers, maybe far away from a gene or even in an intron

Back

catabolite activator protein (CAP)

Front

a protein inducer that binds to the DNA in the presence of lactose and no glucose allowing transcription of lac proteins

Back

a eukaryotic gene and its transcript

Front

Back

lactose absent, repressor active, operon off

Front

Back

differential gene expression

Front

the expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome

Back

corepressor

Front

a small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes its shape, allowing it to switch an operon off

Back

RNA interference (RNAi)

Front

a technique used to silence the expression of selected genes; uses synthetic double stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA

Back

repressible operon

Front

transcription is usually on, but can be inhibited (repressed) when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein (example tryptophan)

Back

determination

Front

the progressive restriction of developmental potential in which the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops

Back

proximal control elements

Front

a control element that is located close to the promoter

Back

histone deacetylation

Front

the removal of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins

Back

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Front

a small, single-stranded RNA molecule generated by cellular machinery from a long, double stranded RNA molecule; associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence; can block transcription in some cases by promoting chromatin modification

Back

control elements

Front

a segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding a transcription factor. multiple control elements are present in a eukaryotic gene's enhancer

Back

inducible operon

Front

usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)

Back

microRNA (miRNA)

Front

a small, single-stranded RNA molecule, generated from a hairpin structure on a precursor RNA transcribed from a particular gene; associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence

Back

inducer

Front

a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on

Back