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AP Human Geography Chapter 8: Political Geography

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Section 1

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Conference of Berlin (1884)

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Geography

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (50)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Conference of Berlin (1884)

Front

Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country's colonies.

Back

Delimitation phase in boundary creation

Front

Conflict in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated

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Centripetal

Front

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

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Superimposed boundary

Front

a boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary). Many in Africa.

Back

State

Front

A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government is recognized by the international community.

Back

Irredentism

Front

The position that a state should be annexed because of ethnicity of prior historical possession.

Back

Compact state

Front

a state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions

Back

City-state

Front

a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

Back

Rimland Theory

Front

Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.

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Demarcation phase in boundary process

Front

Phase in which the boundary is visibly marked on the landscape by a fence, line, sign, wall or other means

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Prorupted State

Front

A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension, leading away from the main territory

Back

Fragmented state

Front

A state that is not a contiguous whole but rather separated parts.

Back

Definitional boundary dispute

Front

Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract

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Cultural political boundary

Front

boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity, language or religion

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Elongated state

Front

A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.

Back

Physical/natural political boundary

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A natural boundary might be something like a river, mountain range or an ocean.

Back

Antecedent boundary

Front

a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area. Example Malysia/Indonesia on the Island of Borneo.

Back

Boundary

Front

vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface

Back

Nation-state

Front

A recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation often sharing the same ethnicity, language etc. Example: Japan, Iceland

Back

Locational /positional boundary dispute

Front

Territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners

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Territoriality

Front

In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.

Back

Stateless Nation

Front

nation that does not have a state

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Centrifrugal

Front

things that cause disunity in the state (ex: political, religious, or economic conflict)

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Subsequent boundary

Front

a boundary that developed before the evolution of the cultural landscape.

Back

Microstate

Front

A state or territory that is small in both size and population.

Back

Heartland Theory

Front

A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in 1904 that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world.

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Shatterbelt

Front

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).

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Decolonization

Front

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

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Exclusive Economic Zone

Front

A state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast.

Back

Balkanization

Front

the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another. An example of balkanization is Yugoslavia. 5

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European Union

Front

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

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Sovereignty

Front

A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states

Back

Devolution

Front

The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

Back

Annexation

Front

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

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Allocational/resource boundary dispute

Front

Dispute over resources between two states. i.e the Territorial dispute between China, Vietnam and the Philippines in the South China Sea

Back

Border landscape

Front

There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border

Back

Colonialism

Front

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. The Berlin Conference encouraged colonialism in Africa. 5

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Operational/functional boundary dispute

Front

Disagreement between two states pertaining to the function of the border. For example: Immigration disputes between Mexico and the United States.

Back

Gerrymandering

Front

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

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Perforated state

Front

A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.

Back

Reapportionment

Front

Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

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Federal

Front

A government system in which the central government handles state affairs such as defense and trade, but allows regional governments to enact their own laws and regulations in a variety of matters.

Back

Territorial disputes

Front

Any dispute over land ownership

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Geometric Boundary

Front

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.

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Unitary state

Front

The internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

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Nation

Front

Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states.

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Relic boundary

Front

They no longer exist as international boundaries yet still have an imprint today. For example: The Berlin Wall

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Supranationalism

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a venture involving 3 or more national states engaging in political, economic, or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.

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Iron Curtain

Front

a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

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Domino theory

Front

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

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