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PAD 4374 Casserleigh Reading Quiz 1

memorize.ai (lvl 286)

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Factors to Identify "From Above" Terrorism

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1 year ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (20)

Section 1

(20 cards)

Factors to Identify "From Above" Terrorism

Front

- who are attackers -who are they attacking -intent of attackers

Back

UN Definition of Terrorism

Front

there is no agreed upon definition -which makes it difficult to pursue counterterrorism agendas

Back

Syndrome Models

Front

discovering the root cause of terrorism ex. poverty, politics - implies when an individual is exposed to root causes, they can develop into terrorists -difficult to measure internal motives

Back

Problem with Laquer's Question

Front

- a small terror group should not be the only ones recognizing a real tyranny -should be a global audience

Back

A Tool of Coercion

Front

(Thomas Schelling 1966) coercion, the use of force with violence, is a cornerstone to Terrorism as a Tool

Back

Genocide

Front

could be labeled as state-sponsored terrorism -typically rooted from hatred and xenophobia

Back

Theodore Kaczynski

Front

the Unabomber (Lone Wolf) -mailed bombs to universities and airlines after isolation from society in Montana -23 injured and 3 deaths -caught by FBI after brother recognized his handwriting -diagnosed with schizophrenia in prison

Back

Rational Choice Model

Front

illustrates how humans act in ways that are beneficial to them - work towards their own self-interests - terrorists are rational actors who have self-interests - can be seen with how they use resources and how they maximize the impact of its attack

Back

Staircase Model

Front

describes the pathway to terrorism as a succession of steps explaining why out of large numbers of disaffected people in a society only very few end up committing terrorist acts -floor zero = focus on material conditions and self improvements -first floor = social mobility, seeking solutions to fix injustice -second floor = person learning to displace anger and seeks opportunities -third floor = a would-be terrorist becomes a terrorist through moral engagement and cognitive reconstruction -fourth floor = person has fully entered terrorist group -fifth floor = terrorists carry out with attack

Back

Two Bombings - Washington Post

Front

-explosion in Manchester killed 22 people near an Arianna Grande concert performed by the Islamic State -previous bombing in June 1996 from the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) -weren't interested in killing or harming any civilians (like ISIS Bombing) but rather to send a message to unite Ireland -member of IRA called police before the attack with a cryptic message in order to vacate the property

Back

terrorism

Front

- coined by Maximillian Robespierre during Reign of Terror -during French Revolution -originally held positive connotation

Back

Problems with Staircase Model

Front

- progression is predetermined - can't skip any steps - fails to include originator of terrorist group

Back

Martin - New vs Old Terrorism

Front

Old Terrorism (until 2000s) -characterized by the terrorist environments, organization profile and tactics developed during postwar era ex. leftist motives, lower casualty rates, hierarchical profile New Terrorism (2000s to Now) -modern terrorists began to promote vaguer objectives and motives -became cell-based structures and formed without the state -lower count of international incidents but with higher casualties

Back

Terrorism as a Tool

Front

minimizes the attempts to identify the root cause and looks at terrorism as a weapon

Back

Carl von Clausewitz

Front

"war is comprised of primordial violence, hatred and enmity which are to be regarded as blind, natural force" - definition now fits non state actors as well

Back

Similarities in Terrorism Definitions

Front

- violence or force -political -fear, emphasis on terror

Back

Defining Terrorist Organizations

Front

- OBL's Al Qaeda - religious transnational TO -post OBL Al Qaeda - politically dissident religious TO -AQIM - international religious TO

Back

"Innocents"

Front

term "innocents" was replaced by "civilians, first introduced by Binyamin Netanyahu

Back

Cases of Extraordinary Violence (Not Terrorism)

Front

- Aurora movie theatre shooting - Sandy Hook school shooting -unhealthy shooters with no political motivation or virtue

Back

Problem with Martin's Definition

Front

-structure of organization should not be determining factor -excludes the case of lone wolves

Back