Section 1
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G. Stanley Hall
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Section 1
(50 cards)
G. Stanley Hall
first PHD in psych awarded in the US
Sigmund Freud
Micah is being asked in his psychotherapy sessions to discuss his early childhood experiences and dreams. Micah's therapist has MOST likely been influenced by the ideas of:
Humanistic
Tabari begins seeing a therapist to cope with a number of stressful life events. The therapist does not focus on his childhood or on any learned behaviors, but rather she emphasizes the importance of his need for love and acceptance. The therapist is following the thoughts of the school of _____ psychology.
Formulate a specific question that can be tested Design a study to collect relevant data Analyze the data to arrive at conclusions Report the results
What are the four steps to the scientific method
conscious
you achieve identifying the structures of your _____ mind/experience from introspection
double blind procedure
Both subjects and study sites participating in the Drug R/Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) study are blinded as to whether the subject is receiving Drug R, the comparator, or the placebo. This is known as the _____ procedure.
double-blind procedure
The _____ is a method in which neither the research participants nor the researchers know whether the participants are getting the treatment or a placebo.
negative correaltion
As one variable moves up or down the other moves the opposite direction
functionalism, charles darwin, Hall, Calkins, Washburn, Sumner
William James came up with ______, he was influenced by ________, two of his famous students were G. Stanley ____ and Mary Whiton ___,Margaret Floy _____, and Francis C. _____
positive correalation
both variable move in the same direction
cognitive perspective
focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.
Hypothesis
Thomas thinks that his wife slightly resembles the family dog. In trying to explain this relationship to her, he shows her the results of research scientifically testing the _____ that, based on observations of dog-owners, people tend to resemble their dogs if the dogs are purebred.
The scientific method
The self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answer is called the _____.
hypothesis
Quinn wants to test his prediction, also known as a(n) _____, that "lack of sleep increases the likelihood of lower test scores for college student."
counseling psychologist
Joe and Theresa are having communication problems in their relationship and wish to get some insight and perspective. Joe recommends to Theresa that they set up an appointment with a(n) _____ psychologist.
clinical
Currently, the MOST popular specialty area for psychologists is the field of _____ psychology.
correlational research
allows for the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other. This relationship is represented by a correlation coefficient. The experimental method demonstrates cause and effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor. The experimental method produces a cause-effect relationship that can be measured which is not possible in correlational research.
evolutionary
Understanding why a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our ancestors is most relevant to the _____ perspective.
a correlation coefficient
A _____ is a statistical measure used to assess the extent to which two factors vary together and therefore how well the variables predict each other.
extraneous variable
Neal is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. After randomly assigning subjects to varying levels of sleep-conditions, he realizes that most of his subjects are female and that females generally need more sleep than males. In this study, gender has been revealed as a(n):
a cause and effect relationship between the drug and anxiety.
There have been reports in the field that patients taking a smoking cessation medication have felt better emotionally, especially those with anxiety. While there seems to be a correlation between those taking the drug and a decrease in anxiety, the pharmaceutical company that makes the medication cannot publicly market the drug as an anti-anxiety medication because there is NO evidence of:
experimental method
demonstrates cause and effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor. This method also produces a cause-effect relationship that can be measured
Ivan Pavlov
_____ pioneered early research demonstrating that an association between a neutral stimulus and an automatic behavior could be learned.
control
In his research on whether sleep deprivation predicts stress, Roberto decides to run two separate experiments, separating females and males, as a strategy to minimize the possibility that the extraneous variable (gender) might influence the outcome of the experiment. Roberto has successfully created an experimental _____.
washburn
first women to be awarded a PHD in psych
an experiment
To examine the effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This is an example of:
the purpose of behavior and mental experiences.
The primary difference between structuralism and functionalism is that functionalism emphasizes:
informed consent
Reginald, a college freshman, has agreed to participate in a psychology research study. Before he begins his participation, he reads a statement written by the researcher explaining the purpose of the research and the potential risks of participation. It also explains that Reginald is free to withdraw from the research at any time. In providing Reginald with this statement, the researcher has followed the ethical guidelines of _____ for participants.
higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of physical health.
A negative correlation between people's physical health and their marital happiness would indicate that:
psychoanalytic psychologist.
Lauren's therapist frequently asks her questions about her dreams and early childhood memories. Her therapist is MOST likely a:
physiology
In order to measure the otherwise unobservable mental processes of the mind, early scientists applied the methods of _____ to study mental processes.
functionalism
the perspective/proposal that your mind exists to serve the function of helping you adapt/survive
industrial/organizational
Dr. Prima has been hired by a large company to assess job satisfaction and worker productivity. Dr. Prima is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Juan was injured in a car accident and lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous lacerations, a right femoral contusion, and had a large open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered a(n) _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.
Sumner
first african american to earn a PHD in psych
independent variable
Josie is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. She will be manipulating levels of sleep by randomly assigning subjects to different conditions in which some will sleep fewer hours than others. In this experiment, sleep is the:
a 25 percent reduction of GAD symptoms.
Drug R is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The hypothesis is that 400 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The dependent variable is:
Biological perspective
emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics
operational
Karen plans to measure happiness based on how frequently a person smiles or laughs. This measure of happiness is called her _____ definition.
theories
As Ron is reading the conclusions of a research article, he notices that the authors mention some tentative explanations to account for diverse findings on the topic. As a result of the authors' _____, Ron is able to generate a prediction and hypothesis that he can test in his own research.
where radioactive tracers are indicating an increase in brain activity
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by detecting:
culture
Rashonda, a new mother, has chosen to co-sleep with her newborn baby, just as her own mother did and many members of Rashonda's own community do. Rashonda's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in relation to co-sleeping are MOST reflective of her _____.
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow's ideas could be viewed as MOST similar to those of:
hypothesis
Tracey believes that because children are generally more impulsive than adults, they will be more likely than adults to scream when frustrated by a researcher in a laboratory setting. Tracey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of a(n) _____.
the mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and conscious experiences.
Descartes introduced the doctrine of interactive dualism. Contemporary psychologists continue to debate some of the ideas behind this doctrine, which states that:
cross-cultural
focuses on the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes.
conduct
Mary Angela is trying to determine how to conduct an ethical research study on stress levels in children. She has decided to consult the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of _____ developed by the American Psychological Association (APA).
negative
While checking out the magazine racks at a local bookstore, you notice an article about a "new study showing that as school attendance increases, levels of depression significantly decrease." Based on what you have learned in introductory psychology, you can deduce that the researchers have probably found, at the very least, a _____ correlation between these variables.
unreliable, animals and children, complex topics
Introspection was eventually abandoned because it was u_______, you couldn't use it to study ____ and _____, c_______
William James
Psychologists today who focus on the adaptive function of behaviors and emotions (that is, those who study behaviors and emotions that appear to have allowed our ancestors to survive) would likely consider _____ an early representative of their approach to psychology.
Section 2
(50 cards)
experimental method
inferring cause and effect relationships among variables
perspective/approach and specialty
the two categories of psychologists are based on p____/a_____, and s_____
hypothesis
a prediction
cognitive psych
mental processes (memory, learning)
experiment
one type of all the different types of study
humanistic psychology
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted _____
meta-analysis
combining multiple studies into one analysis Reasoning: in science one study doesn't constitute the truth
behaviorism
rejected the study of mental processes and emphasized the studied of observable behavior ,especially the principles of learning, based on stimulus and response
psychiatrist
someone who has a medical degree and specializes in a psych disorder and can prescribe meds
operational definition/operationalization
a precise description of how the variables in a study will be 1. manipulated and 2. measured
cognitive psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cross cultural
branch of psych that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes
surveys
asking people questions (self report)
random assignment
____ allows for the two groups will have identical characteristics so that the drug caused something
Clinial psychologists
specialized in psych disorders, but can't prescribe meds
replicate
to repeat/duplicate a study
variable
a thing that varies, can be measured
physician, past, sexual
sigmund freud was an Austrian _____, who studied ____ experiences and ____ urges
pavlov, watson, skinner
who studied behaviorism
calkins
earned a PHD in psych but harvard wouldn't give it to her
research
systematic steps used in scientific methods
cognitive psych
anything that has to do with mental processes
clinical psych
someone who works with psych disorders
surveys and interviews
the biggest problems with ____ is unhonest answers, bias, might not be representative of the population, INACCURACY
personality psych
the nature of human personality including the uniqueness of each person, traits, and individual differences
true
t or f, science is a way to investigate something/the truth
psychologist
anyone with a psych background-masters degree
Health psych
bridge bt medicine and psych
psychoanalysis, personality, psychotherapy
Sigmund Freud established _____ as a theory of p____ and form of p____
study
generic term for any project you conduct scientifically
Psychoanalysis
emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality
counseling psych
helps w stress, marriage problems
false
t or f every study is an experiment
psychodynamic perspective
the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
evolutionary psychology
The application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena.
school psych
applying psychological principles and findings of basic psych to diverse areas: ex include sports psych, media psych
biological perspective
physical body perspective
social psych
how people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are affected by their social environment and by the presence of other people
empirical evidence
objectively verifiable evidence
t
t or f every experiment is a study
independent variable, randomization
experiments must have manipulation of _____, and ____, which eliminate 3rd variables
descriptive
observing and describing behavior, example: case studies, survey
Industrial/organizational psych
the relationship bt people and work
cognitive psychology
George miller studied c___ p____
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
developmental psych
baby psychology
theory
explanation/model integrating many elements, explains why things happen
educational psych
applies psych principles, sensory & perceptual processes, and principles of learning, emotion and motivation
humanistic psychology
emphasizes conscious experiences, unique potential for growth, self-determination, free will, and choice. was seen as a happier way of studying humans
psychological growth
the theory of motivation emphasized the importance of
Section 3
(29 cards)