Section 1
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cellular respiration
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Section 1
(50 cards)
cellular respiration
C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Microorganisms
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
Binomial nomenclature
Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Flagellate
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
cell
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
Eyespot
A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
sunlight
main source of energy
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Plasmid
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
photosynthesis equation(very important)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
Abiogenesis
The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
Pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Peptide bond
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
Zygote
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
Cytology
The study of cells.
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Biosynthesis
The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.
Antibiotic
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.
Activation energy
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
Homeostasis
Maintaining the status quo.
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.
Active transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
Phase
One of the three forms--solid, liquid, or gas--which every substance is capable of attaining.
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
Catalyst
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
Excretion
The removal of soluble waste materials.
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
REspiration
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Phospholipid
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Molecules
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Reproduction
Producing more cells.
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Genetic factors
The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.
Genetics
The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
Chromosome
DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
asexual reproduction
1 parent
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
Anticodon
A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
Recombinant DNA
A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
tRNA
transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
Vaccine
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
Karyotype
The figure produced when the chomosomes of species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.
sperm
shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
The RNA that performs transcription.
egg cell
also called ovum; female gamete
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
Transcription
process of forming a neucleic acid using a template
DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
Interphase
The time interval between cellular reproduction.
Centromere
The region that joins two sister chromatids.
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
Haploid number (n)
the number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.
Meiosis
The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).
Translation
uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
embryo
an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
Diploid number (2n)
The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
Transcription
process of copying DNA sequence into RNA
Gametes
Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.
Haploid cell
A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
Environmental factors
Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices.
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
Diploid cell
A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
replication
double the chromosomes
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
fertilization
a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo
Section 4
(20 cards)