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AP Psychology: Brain Anatomy

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Section 1

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Occipital Lobe

Front

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Anatomy Science

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Last updated

4 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (80)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Occipital Lobe

Front

Part of the brain; at the back of the head. Involved in vision.

Back

Acetylcholine

Front

-A neurotransmitter that enables learning, memory, and the control of muscles. -Nicotine

Back

Thalamus

Front

Part of the brain; a ball shaped structure at the top of the brain stem. Serves as the sensory switchboard, sends sensory information where it needs to go.

Back

Parasympathetic

Front

A subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System; controls things that makes you calm, like the relief after a stressful situation. Automatically lowers heart beat, constricts pupils, etc.

Back

Motor Neurons

Front

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Back

Visual Cortex

Front

Part of the brain; registers written language as visual representations.

Back

Sensory Neurons

Front

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.

Back

Brain Plasticity

Front

The ability for the brain to alter its structure and function; decreases with age.

Back

Hypothalamus

Front

Part of the brain; part of the limbic system. Is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs, and controls when the pituitary gland releases hormones.

Back

Nerves

Front

Bundles of axons that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

Back

Temporal Lobe

Front

Part of the brain; just above the ears. Involved in hearing.

Back

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front

-Brain & Spinal Cord. -Inside

Back

Axon

Front

Part of the neuron; thin fibers branching out of the neuron that send the information from the cell body to other neurons.

Back

Neurotransmitters

Front

Chemical messengers manufactured by neurons, that cross the synaptic gap to send the message to another neuron.

Back

Endorphins

Front

Literally meaning morphine within, are natural, opiate like neurotransmitters, and they are linked to things like pain control and pleasure.

Back

Terminal Branches

Front

Branched end of axon that contains neurotransmitters, which are then sent to another Neuron's Dendrites.

Back

Parietal Lobe

Front

Part of the brain; at the top of the head and toward the rear. Receive sensory input for touch and body position.

Back

Cerebellum

Front

Part of the brain; attached to the rear of the brain. Coordinates voluntary muscle movement and helps to process sensory information.

Back

Reticular Formation

Front

Part of the brain; a nerve network in the brainstem. Plays an important role in controlling arousal, alertness.

Back

Interneurons

Front

CNS neurons that internally communicate between the sensory neurons and motor neurons.

Back

Sympathetic Nervous System

Front

A subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System; controls things that cause arousal, like fight or flight. Automatically increases heart rate, dilates pupils, etc.

Back

Synaptic Gap (Synapse)

Front

The gap between the tip of the axon's terminal branch and the dendrite of another neuron. Neurotransmitters can still be sent across this gap.

Back

Pons

Front

Part of the brain; located on the brainstem. Controls facial expressions, facial sensation, and eye movement.

Back

GABA

Front

-A major regulating neurotransmitter. Under supply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia. -Tranquilizers -Alcohol

Back

Frontal Lobe

Front

Part of the brain; just behind the forehead. Is involved in speaking, muscle movements, and planning and judgement.

Back

Hormones

Front

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.

Back

Angular Gyrus

Front

Part of the brain; transforms visual representations to auditory codes.

Back

Serotonin

Front

-A neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. -Ecstasy -LSD -Cocaine

Back

Broca's Area

Front

Part of the brain; controls muscles involved in speech through the motor cortex. Ex: Girl had stroke was able to understand but not respond

Back

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

Front

Part of the brain; crucial for using language.

Back

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front

-All the nerves not encased in bone, the brain, or the spinal cord. -Outside -Anything not apart of the CNS

Back

Somatic Nervous System

Front

A subdivision of the PNS; enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles, like dancing or running.

Back

Motor Cortex

Front

Part of the brain; an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

Back

Myelin Sheath

Front

Part of the neuron; thick layer of fat that encase the Axon, speeds up the process of the information being sent.

Back

Dendrite

Front

Part of the neuron; branches that receive information from other neurons and send it towards the cell body.

Back

Action Potential

Front

The impulse or information sent or fired by a neuron.

Back

Sensory Neuron

Front

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the CNS. Their responses to stimuli can cause automatic responses (knee jerk), such as backing away from something that burned you.

Back

Cerebral Cortex

Front

the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex), composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.

Back

Sensory Cortex

Front

Part of the brain; the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

Back

Brainstem

Front

Part of the brain; oldest part of the brain in terms of evolution, controls automatic survival functions.

Back

Autonomic Nervous System

Front

A subdivision of the PNS; controls involuntary activity of your body through muscles and glands, like digestion or growth.

Back

Cerebral Hemispheres

Front

Part of the brain; the two sides of the brain, left and right.

Back

Medulla

Front

Part of the brain; base of brainstem. Controls heartbeat and breathing.

Back

Pituitary Gland

Front

Part of the brain; located in the limbic system. The master gland of the Endocrine System, releases hormones.

Back

Dopamine

Front

-A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention/learning, and the brain's pleasure and reward system. -Cocaine -Meth -Block reward pathway

Back

Reflex Pathways

Front

Automatic born responses to stimuli, and they don't rely on conscious decisions made in the brain.

Back

Glutamate

Front

-A major neurotransmitter; involved in memory. -Alcohol

Back

Endocrine System

Front

A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Back

Neurons

Front

A nerve cell in which the body's information system is built up from. The basic building block of the nervous system.

Back

Wernicke's Area

Front

Part of the brain; controls your ability to understand language. Ex: Man didn't understand but responded

Back

Section 2

(30 cards)

OCD

Front

Persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.

Back

Discuss how brain abnormalities and brain infections help explain schizophrenia

Front

-Increased dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia. -Brain abnormalities: enlarged, fluid filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala. -Interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections may produce schizophrenia's symptoms.

Back

Compare and contrast mood disorder, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder

Front

-Mood disorders are characterized by emotional extremes -Person with major depressive disorder experiences two or more weeks of seriously depressed moods and feelings of wholeness, and takes little interest in, and derives little pleasure from, most activities. -Person with bipolar disorder experiences not only depression - but also periods of mania.

Back

Amygdala

Front

Part of the brain; A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

Back

Why are psychologists are concerned with human biology?

Front

-Biological changes can cause psychological changes -Mental Illness is often caused by biological problems. -Can treat psychological problems biologically

Back

What are the possible ramifications of damage or disease to different areas of the cerebral cortex

Front

-Reorganize or build new pathways because of plasticity -Forms new neurons -Wernicke's -Broca's

Back

Describe how therapies involving health related improvements for such things as depression might create relief and how this reflects the biopsychosocial approach.

Front

-Aerobic exercise -Adequate sleep -Light exposure -Social connection -Redirecting negative thoughts -Nutritional supplements -Mind and body are connected

Back

PTSD

Front

Involves flashbacks or nightmares following a person's involvement in or observation of an extremely troubling event such as a war or natural disaster.

Back

How do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells?

Front

-An electrical signal travels down the axon -Chemical neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse -The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor sites on the releasing neuron and the second neuron

Back

Identify the different anxiety disorders

Front

1. phobias 2. generalized anxiety disorder 3. panic disorder 4. obsessive-compulsive disorder 5. PTSD

Back

Corpus Collosum

Front

Part of the brain; neural fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres and allow them to communicate.

Back

Describe the use of brain stimulation techniques and psychosurgery in treating specific disorders.

Front

Some patients with chronic depression have found relief through a chest implant that intermittently stimulates the vagus nerve, which sends signals to the brain's mood-related limbic system.

Back

Define genes, and describe how behavior geneticists explain our individual differences.

Front

-Biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes -When turned on, provide the code for creating the proteins that form our body's building blocks. -Behavior geneticists seek to quantify genetic and environmental influences on our traits, in part through studies of twins. -Shared family environments have little effect on personality, and the stability of temperament suggests a genetic predisposition.

Back

What are several techniques for studying the brain's connections to behavior and mind? How do they differ?

Front

-MRI -PET Scan -CAT Scan -EEG -Lesions -Accidents

Back

Describe how the biological perspective explain mood disorders

Front

-Disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis. -Genetics appears to play a role in the development of mood disorders. -The strongest evidence for the role of genetics comes from twin studies. -Certain chemical imbalances have been linked to mood disorders.

Back

Describe the patterns of thinking, perceiving and feeling that characterizes schizophrenia

Front

-Strike during late adolescence -Affect men very slightly more than women, and seem to occur in all cultures. -Paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual. -Disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Delusions are false beliefs; hallucinations are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. -Schizophrenic symptoms may be positive (the presence of inappropriate behaviors) or negative (the absence of appropriate behaviors).

Back

Split-brain research

Front

-A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

Back

Identify and describe the various regions of the cerebral cortex and their functions.

Front

-Lobes -Wernicke's -Broca's

Back

Identify and describe the drug therapies, and explain how double-blind studies help researchers evaluate a drug's effectiveness

Front

-Randomly assigned groups -One receives drugs and other receives placebo -Double blind helps eliminate researcher bias

Back

What are the components of the brainstem, and summarize the functions of the brainstem's structures and functions?

Front

-Regulates breathing and heart rate and acts as a vehicle for sensory information -Connected to spinal cord -Consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain -Nerve connections from the motor and sensory systems of the cortex pass through it to communicate with the peripheral nervous system.

Back

Discuss the genetic influences on schizophrenia, and describe some factors that may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children.

Front

-viral infection or famine conditions during mothers pregnancy -low weight -oxygen deprivation at birth -maternal diabetes -older paternal age.

Back

Mood disorders

Front

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

Back

limbic system

Front

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

Back

How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?

Front

-Chronic: the disorder develops gradually and recovery is doubtful. -Acute: the onset is sudden, in reaction to stress, and the prospects for recovery are brighter.

Back

Explain what is meant by heritability, and discuss how it relates to individual and groups.

Front

-Describes the extent to which variation among members of a group can be attributed to genes. -Heritable individual differences (height or intelligence) do not necessarily imply heritable group differences. -Genes mostly explain why some people are taller than others, but not why people are taller today than they were a century ago.

Back

Discuss the interaction of heredity and environment

Front

-Our genetic predispositions and our surrounding environments interact. -Environments can trigger gene activity, and genetically influenced traits can evoke responses from others. -The field of epigenetics studies the influences on gene expression that occur without changes in DNA.

Back

Hippocampus

Front

Part of the brain; located in the limbic system. Helps process explicit memories for storage.

Back

Describe how the biological perspective explains anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD

Front

Contributors to anxiety include genetics, brain chemistry and the body's fight-or-flight response.

Back

Dual processing

Front

The mental processing of information on a conscious and unconscious level occurring at the same time.

Back

What are the possible ramifications of damage or disease to the brainstem?

Front

-Death

Back