Section 1
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interal (medial) rotation
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (174)
Section 1
(50 cards)
interal (medial) rotation
in the upper limb--a movement of the shoulder joint such that the anterior aspect of the arm moves toward the body; in the lower limb--a movement of the hip joint such that the anterior aspect of the thigh moves toward the body; the movement takes place in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis.
hyperextension
movement of extension beyond that necessary to straighten out a part (often pathological)
epidermis
made of 4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium, rests on a basement membrane, area of high mitotic activity, innervated, avascular
Posterior
toward or at the back of the back of the erect body
Prone
position of body lying face down with palms facing down
ulnar
refers to medial in the upper limb
Trunk
includes back, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, perineum
ADduction
moving together or toward the midline of the body; a movement that takes place in a frontal plane around an anterior-posterior axis
Lateral
toward the side
deep
farther from the surface of the body
integument
largest organ of the body consiting of epidermis, basement membrane, dermis
Inferior
below or away from the head; toward the lower part of the body (implies relation to gravity)
rotation
movement of a part of a body around its long axis
extension
the straightening out of a bent part; a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane around a left-right axis
Distal
away from the base (attachment) of the limb
axis
A real or imaginary straight line around which an object rotates
Dorsal
toward or at the back surface (syn.: posterior)
Middle
used for a structure lying between two others
superficial
nearer to the surface of the body
radial
refers to lateral in the upper limb
Contralateral
on opposite sides of the body
Proximal
toward the attachment of the limb to the trunk
Palmar surface
palm of hand
retraction
a moving of a whole part backward
ABduction
moving apart or away from the midline; a movement that takes place in a frontal plane around an anterior-posterior axis
Cranial
toward the head
Caudal
toward the tail or feet
LE
includes gluteal region, thigh, knee (popliteal region), leg (crus), foot
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
Dorsal surface
back of hand and upper surface of the foot
Transverse(cross-section)
Anterior-posterior + left-right
flexion
bending; a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane around a left-right axis; the prenatal position of the fetus is in a position of total body flexion
Supine
position of body lying on back, palms facing upward
external (lateral) rotation
in the upper limb-a movement of the shoulder joint such that the anterior aspect of the arm (biceps area) moves away from the body; in the lower limb - a movement of the hip joint such that the anterior aspect of the thigh moves away from the body; the movement takes place in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis
Ventral
toward or at the belly surface (syn.: anterior)
Anterior-posterior (dorsal-ventral)
Axis of rotation for abduction and adduction
Frontal(coronal)
Cranio-caudal axis + left-right axis
UE
includes shoulder, arm (brachium), elbow, cubital, forearm (antebrachium), hand
supination
a lateral rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly; the movement takes place in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis.
Cranio-caudal (vertical)
Axis of rotation for medial and lateral rotation
Plantar surface
sole of foot
Left-right (transverse)
Axis of rotation for flexion and extension
Medial
toward the midline
protraction
a moving of a whole part forward
basement membrane
middle layer of integument
circumduction
a combination of successive movements of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction results in such a fashion that the distal end of the part being moved. movement describes a circle.
Median (sagittal; midsagittal; parasagittal)
Cranio-caudal axis + anterior-posterior axis
Anterior
toward or at the front of the erect (anatomical position) body
Superior
above or toward the head (implies a relation to gravity)
pronation
a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly; the movement takes place in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Langer's Lines
Represent tension lines created by orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis of the skin.Used by surgeons as guides for incisions:Incisions normally made parallel to Langer's lines
parts of hair
shaft, follice, dermal papilla with matrix, arrector pili muscle, sebacceous glands, hair bulb & CT papilla
Stratum basale (germinativum)
deepest layer of integument
Cutaneous Derivatives
Glands, Hairs, Nails
ceruminous glands
are located in the external auditory canal, secrete ear wa
melanocytes
Found in deep layers of epidermis, Derived from nervous system components. form melanosomes
Apocrine
Found in labia majora, areola, axillary & anal regions. Secretions are thicker & more viscous than merocrine types. Excretory duct opens into hair follicle. Adrenergic innervation Inactive until puberty
vellus
new downy coat of hair, appears a few months after birth, hair occurring after lanugo
layers of skin (superficial to deep)
stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale, Papillary layer, Reticular layer
hair follicle
Derived from both epidermis and dermis
thick skin vs thin skin
Classification into thin and thick skin depends on the structure of the epidermis, Layers of epidermis are well-formed in thick skin, Layers of epidermis are not as well-formed or thick in thin skin
terminal hair
vellus hair is converted to this after puberty
Hair Shaft
Made up of dead cornified epidermal cells
sudoriferous glands
Long, simple, tubular glands Method of secretion is merocrine or apocrine
Between the stratum germinativum and the stratum corneum are
Several transitional layers represented by cells from the stratum germinativum that are transforming into dead, keratinized cells.
Superficial fascia
The integument sits on this connective tissue layer Consists of Loose bundles of collagen & elastic fibers with variably sized aggregations of lipocytes (adipocytes) May be: Loosely or tightly attached Supports:•Cutaneous nerves & blood vessels.
birbeck granules of langerhan cells
contain proteins involved in the uptake & delivery of antigen
Mammary glands
modified sweat glands. Method of secretion is merocrine & apocrine, Protein components are released via merocrine secretion, Lipid components are released via apocrine secretion, Secretion is somewhat thick. Apical end of cell is lost as part of the secretion.Basal part of the cell regenerates.
Reticular Layer
Dense irregular CT, includes fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes, thicker than papillary layer (most of dermis)
Thin skin
Found over the rest of the body, The epidermis of thin skin is 0.075 - 0.150 mm thick, Total skin thickness is 0.5 - 3 mm thick.
hairs
develop during 3rd month of gestation
nail matrix
stratum germinativum produces ungis
Melanosomes
Passed off to keratinocytes (cells of epidermis).Phagocytized by keratinocytes.
Other names for superficial fascia
Subcutaneous fascia, Hypodermis, SubQ
classifications of glands
based on presence or absence of a secretory duct (exocrine or endocrine)
other names for deep fascia
Membranous fascia Investing fascia
dermis
made dense irregular connective tissue
Nail parts
Ungis, matrix, subungis
Papillary layer of dermis
Loose CT, Separated from epidermis by basal lamina, Network of fine elastic fibers & abundant capillaries
Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)
Derived from monocytes, Antigen-presenting cells, Primarily in stratum spinosum, Migrate from epidermis to lymph nodes,
merkel cells
mechanoreceptors, May also act as diffuse neuroendocrine cells, Usually in stratum germinativum, Contain catecholamine-like granules
deep fascia
Usually several thin layers of tough collagen materialTightly adherent to muscles, bones, tendons, etc.
hair is found everywhere except
Palms, soles, dorsal distal phalanges, anal & urogenital apertures
Glands
epithelial structure
Merocrine
Secretion is thin & watery. Secretory cell is not damaged in the process of secretion.
ungis
Modified stratum corneum, Flattened, Avascular, not innervated, Travels over a nail bed guided by lateral nail grooves.
two layers of the dermis
Papillary (superficial) and reticular (deep)
holocrine
Secretion is thick Secretory cell is destroyed in the process of secretion.
stratum corneum
most superficial layer of epidermis, cells are dead and keratinized
Eyelid
thinnest skin on the body (thin skin)
Special types of aprocrine glands
Ceruminous glands Glands of Moll
sebaceous glands
holocrine gland, associated with hair follicles
dermatomes
Specific region of skin innervated by a specific spinal cord level
Back
has the thickest skin found of the body (thin skin)
lanugo
earliest, fine embryonic hair, shed before birth except around eyebrows, scalp, and eyelids
corpuscles
Meissner's and Pacini
Dermis
the deepest region of the integument, dense irregular CT, abundance of collagen fibers, some elastic fibers (decrease w/ age), vascularized
innervation of hair follicles
allow hairs to serve as sensory receptors
Skin is thicker:
on extensor surfaces than flexor surfaces
Thick skin
Found only on palms of hands & soles of feet, The epidermis of thick skin is 0.4 - 0.6 mm thick, Has no hair follicles.
Section 3
(50 cards)
muscular activity
all movements in the human body involve muscular contractions
Active insufficiency (refers to agonist)
diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain active tension. The muscle is elongated to a point where there is no overlap between myofilaments. The muscle is excessively shortened when all cross-bridges have been formed.One-joint muscles are arranged so this won't occur.
types of muscle activity
motor actions, contractions of heart and vessels, actions in intestines, many other specific movements of/within body
helping syngerist eg
The pronator teres is a helping synergist for elbow flexion performed by the biceps while it nullifies the supination component of the biceps.
unipennate
palmar interosseous muscles
multipennate
deltoid
muscle tissue classification characteristics
appearance (striated, smooth), arrangement of nucleus(i), function (voluntary, involuntary)The most common classification system is based on microscopic appearance and with what organs it is associated.
Passive insufficiency (refers to antagonist)
Occurs when the inactive antagonist muscle is of insufficient length to allow a force to complete the full range of motion available. Mostly applies to multi-joint muscles.
Origin (proximal attachment)
Usually proximal•May be fixed with regard to movement
types of muscle tissue
skeletal (striated), smooth, cardiac
eccentric
muscle gets longer (isotonic)
neutralizer (synergistic) muscles
nullify one or more actions of another muscle.
pure neutralizer
will cause the opposite motion of the prime mover without assisting in the movement
Stabilizer (fixator) muscle
stabilize the segment (bone) on which another segment (bone) moves. When a muscle acts as a stabilizer, it usually contracts isometrically.
Unijoint
Muscle that crosses only one joint
Aponeuroses
Flat, fan-shaped tendons typically giving rise to other tendons
Myofilament
Types:•Myosin (thick filaments),Actin (thin filaments), Organized into sarcomeres
cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart, shares characteristics with both skeletal and smooth muscle, striated, involuntary, consists of chains of individual cells that are both mononucleated and striated, contain specialized intercellular junctions called intercalated discs.
Insertion (distal attachment)
Usually distal,Usually more movable
types of contractions
isometric, isotonic
Prime mover (agonist)
muscle whose primary function is to cause the particular movement, and one which makes a strong contribution to that movement
result of a muscle contraction depends on many variables, including:
What the muscle is attached to Which end of the muscle is fixed The force of the contraction & the force of the resistance The simultaneous actions of other muscles associated with the same structure. eg, when the muscle contracts, it pulls toward the middle, exerting equal force on attachments at both ends in an attempt to pull them toward each other.Which bone moves depends on the relative stability of the bones at that particular time.Stability of a bone at a given time is determined by contractions of muscles acting as stabilizers.
Agonist
Muscle doing the desired action, "mover" muscle
Branchiomeric muscle
Associated with pharyngeal arches, Somewhat of a transition between smooth & striated muscle tissue, Innervated by cranial nerves.
extensors
Muscles that pass posterior to the axis of a joint (eg deltoid, triceps)
bipennate
dorsal interosseous muscles
Myofibril
chain of sarcomeres
Tendons
attachments between muscle fibers and bone, Dense collagenous connective tissue, Surrounded by peritendineum, Bundles of collagen fibers, Poorly vascularized
flexors
Muscles that pass anterior to the axis of a joint (eg deltoid, biceps) Muscle flexors can shorten about one-half of total length.
Types of muscle fiber arrangements
straight, fusiform, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
straight muscle eg
rectus abdominis
concentric
muscle gets shorter (isotonic)
Motor actions
movement of the skeletal system
isometric contraction
length of muscle does not change
abductors
Muscles that pass lateral to a joint (eg deltoid)
Skeletal muscle
Also referred to as striated or voluntary, peripheral nuclei, multinucleated, conducts action potential, typically attached directly or indirectly to the skeletal system,
Fixator
Muscle that stabilizes base of attachment of agonist.
fusiform
contraction
a response to a stimulus
assistant mover (agonist)
has the ability to assist in the movement but is only of secondary importance to the movement.
Multijoint
Muscle that crosses more than one joint
Antagonist
Muscle that opposes the agonist
Hierarchical Structure of Skeletal Muscle (smallest to largest units)
myofilament, myofibril, myofiber, fascicle, muscle
Myofiber
bundle of myofibrils, Often referred to as a muscle cell, Each fiber formed from many fused myoblasts
Insufficiency
Inability of a multijoint muscle to contract maximally over all joints crossed simultaneously
smooth muscle
Also referred to as visceral or involuntary, not striated, generally involuntary, consists of groups of spindle-shaped mononucleated cells with centrally located nuclei, most commonly associated with viscera - especially the gut tube and other hollow structures.
Multi-joint muscles
can contribute to movement at each joint crossed but do not allow complete range of motion in all joints at one time
pure synergist eg
The triceps to the biceps elbow flexion, so that the biceps can perform supination of the forearm.
Synergist
Muscle that eliminates unwanted action by the agonist.
isotonic
length of muscle changes
Section 4
(24 cards)